مجله رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1392)

Today, sports tourism has turned into one of the important trade and economic strategies for income, employment and infrastructure development for most countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the viewpoints of the tourism experts, physical education experts and sport tourists on the effects of the development of sport tourism on employment and income in Golestan province. Statistical population consisted of 217 subjects (53 tourism experts, 90 physical education experts and 74 sport tourists). This study was a descriptive survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data (α=0.83). For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test) were used. Statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software. The results showed a significant relationship between sport tourism development and an increase in income (P<0.01, X²=185.9) and between sport tourism development and employment (P<0.01, X²=135.6).

The coach-athlete relationship as a multidimensional and situational construct contains three factors of closeness, commitment, and complementarity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of coaches’ nonverbal behaviors on coach-athlete relationship. The research method was a descriptive survey. A sample of 293 adolescent athletes aged between 14 and 17 from various individual sports (wrestling, marshal arts and boxing) completed Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire and Coaches’ Nonverbal Behaviors Scale. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM). Structural equation modeling revealed that coaches’ supportive- encouraging nonverbal behaviors positively and, in contrast, coaches’ threatening nonverbal behaviors negatively affected the construct dimensions of coach-athlete relationship (closeness, commitment, and complementarity). This study provided insights into communication factors that allow coaches to improve the quality of relationship with their athletes.

The social and economic status of contemporary organizations necessitates creative and efficient managers. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural equation modeling in examining the relationship between effectiveness and creativity of managers of sport federations. This study was descriptive and field. Statistical population consisted of all managers, deputy managers and secretaries of Iran sport federations (N=100). The sample equaled the statistical population. For data collection, Hamidi effectiveness questionnaire (α=0.81) and Randsyp creativity questionnaire (α=0.89) were used and finally 80 questionnaires were returned. To test research hypotheses, Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient test, one sample t test, multivariate regression in SPSS software and structural equation modeling in Lisrel software. The results showed a positive significant relationship between creativity and effectiveness (r=0.262, p<0.05). Also, regression results showed that effectiveness explained 42.5% of variance in creativity (R2=0.425, p<0.01) and the proper management played the most important role in predicting changes in managers' creativity (β=1.218, p˂0.001). Also, the research model showed the necessary fit and the effect and prediction of managers' effectiveness on their creativity (T=9.12, GFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.079). It was concluded that it is significant to develop effectiveness indexes. It is clear that the interaction between creativity and effectiveness finally leads to development of federation conditions to achieve their goals.

The aim of this study was to explain and identify attracting and preventive factors of inactive sport tourists who traveled to Iran western provinces (Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Hamedan). The present study was of causal-comparitive type and of practical considering its aim. The statistical population included all inactive sport tourists who traveled to Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Hamedan to watch and applaud their favorite sport teams in official and unofficial matches during the last 2 months of 1390. Finally, the viewpoints of 231 inactive tourists were collected randomly. A researcher-questionnaire containing 37 questions was used to collect the data. The reliability of questionnaire for attracting factors was α=0.77 and for preventive factors was α=0.81. Friedman and U Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze data. Findings showed that interest in a particular sport, friends' gatherings and interest in recreation and sightseeing in the cities were the most important attracting factors and a lack of standard recreation and sport facilities, undisciplined spectators in the stadiums and low quality of competitions and sport teams were the most important preventing factors for sport tourists. From tourists' viewpoints, attracting factors were more important than preventive factors. It is impossible to increase the number of the inactive sport tourists who travel to these provinces without a change in the attitude of the officials and those who are involved in sports and tourism sector and a suitable ground for the tourists. As a result, it is necessary to identify all attracting and preventive factors in this area and to optimize them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stadium features on the future attendance of spectators in Iran football premier league. The present study was of correlation and application type. The data of stadium features were gathered by a researcher-made questionnaire (40 items) based on previous researches. Future attendance of spectators was measured using a 4-item researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was approved by 15 sports marketing professionals and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach alpha as 0.87 and 0.83 respectively in a pilot study. The population of this study consisted of all spectators over 14 years old who participated in 11th Iran football premier league. The sample was selected by multistage method from the spectators of four plays held in selected stadiums of Fooladshahr (Esfahan), Azadi (Tehran), Yadegar Imam (Tabriz) and Shahid Bahonar (Kerman). Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size (239 subjects). To test theoretical model accuracy and to calculate effect coefficients, structural equation modeling (SEM) by Lisrel package was used. Results showed that seven variables (i.e. accessibility to stadium, parking, cleanliness, aesthetic, seat comfort, space allocation, and food services) affected the future attendance of spectators. But, three factors (i.e. signage, stadium layout, and scoreboard quality) did not affect the future attendance of spectators.

The present study aimed at investigating the attitudes of MA students of physical education and sport sciences of Payam Noor University (PNU) to the existing status of education and research in this university. This study was conducted as a descriptive field one. The statistical population consisted of all MA students of physical education and sport sciences of Payam Noor University (PNU) (N=319) and the sample was determined by Morgan table (n=169). A questionnaire (49 items) was used to collect data based on 5-point Likert scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha as 0.927 in a pilot study on 30 students and the face validity was approved using professionals' viewpoints. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (tables and figures). The results showed that 53.4% of the subjects were female and 46.6% were male. The highest percentage of students were 25-30 years old and the lowest percentage were 40 years old or above. The highest percentage of students entered university in 1388 and in their fourth term. 51% of subjects started their higher education in physical education and sport sciences to gain knowledge while 56.2% believed that they reached their goals. 95.8% believed that there were necessary facilities for the peripheral training in the university. The subjects also evaluated the compatibility between course content and special needs and scientific findings as almost appropriate (scale 3.31 out of 5). They evaluated their MA physical education academic teachers' proficiency as average (scale 3.24 out of 5) while they evaluated the existing training aids in MA physical education of PNU as appropriate (scale 3.67 out of 5). The students evaluated faculty status and the spatial state of classrooms as almost appropriate (scale 3.4 out of 5). They also evaluated the staff's behaviors towards students as almost appropriate (scale 2.97 out of 5). The students described the research status of university as average (scale 3.01 out of 5).

As football referees are always under the pressure of excitement and stress of the match authorities, teams, coaches, players and spectators, they highly tend to the phenomena “Burnout”. So the present study aimed to investigating the role of burnout factors in the judgment of football referees in Iran football premier league. This study was descriptive-analytical and at field. The statistical population consisted of 75 football referees who judged in Iran football premier league. Three main questionnaires were used to collect data: demographic, Maslach burnout questionnaire (α=0.91) and burnout factors (α=0.87). The results showed a significant difference between decreased accomplishment and burnout of football referees (t=15.371, p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between referees' depersonalization and their burnout (x2=30.16, p=0.000). Managerial factors with MR=5.35 and economic factors with MR=3.88 were considered as the most important factor of burnout while individual and environmental factors with MR=2.42 and MR=2.92 were considered as the least important factors. Considering referees' job situation and presenting decent planning in order to hire efficient referees, making calmness in their job position were among the main measures that superior managers should exert to prevent the infectious phenomenon of burnout in football referees.