مجله رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 8 (بهار 1394)

The aim of this study was to analyze the constraints and motivators of the presence of spectators in professional football league in Iran. The statistical population consisted of the Persepolis and Esteghlal spectators in 76th derby (N=100000). Based on Krejcie and Morgan Table, the size of statistical sample was calculated as 384 subjects who were selected randomly. To collect data, the Questionnaire of Behavior of Sports Spectators (Yu, 2010) was used. Face and content validity of the questionnaire (after translation) was achieved by the comments of sport management professors. The reliability of questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha test as (α=0.92). The research method was descriptive which was conducted as a field study. Descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Bartlett and Friedman statistical tests and path analysis in SPSS and EQS statistical software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the internal motivators, external motivators, internal constraints, external constraints and behavioral measures had significant effects on the behavior of the spectators in the stadium. Their ranking from first to the fifth place was: internal motivators, internal constraints, external motivators, external constraints and behavioral measures.

The aim of this study was to investigate and explain how physical education teachers spend their time as well as to identify time-consuming factors, and their efficiency and analysis at junior high schools. The statistical population consisted of all teachers of physical education at junior high schools in Kurdistan province and 90 teachers were randomly selected as the sample. The methodology of the study was descriptive-correlation and was application in terms of aim. Two standard questionnaires of Time Management (20 items) and Teacher's Efficiency (21 items) were used to collect data based on Likert's 5-point scale. The face validity of the questionnaires was determined and their reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha as α=0.88 for Time Management Questionnaire and α=0.84 for the Efficiency Questionnaire. Spearman rank correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that a positive and significant relationship between the optimal use of time and efficiency and also between objectives, planning and determining priorities and the efficiency of teachers of physical education at junior high schools in Kurdistan province.

The aim of this study was to rank management and professional factors of sport clubs of private sector in Kermanshah city. The Survey of the Health and Fitness Industry (SHFI) (in two versions: one for managers and the other one for clients) was used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 12 sports management professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha as 0.7 and 0.83 for managers and costumers respectively. The statistical population consisted of all managers and clients of sports clubs of private sector in Kermanshah city. The clubs were selected by stratified random sampling method (70 clubs) and the final sample consisted of 70 managers and 400 clients. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric Friedman test was used to rank the results. The results indicated that from the club managers’ perspective, communication and managerial skills was the most important factor to manage a club. Appropriate equipment along with qualified coaches were identified as the most important factors to prefer a club by the clients. Although some improvements appeared in this industry, there are still problems hindering this industry from developing in future.

The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers to implementation total quality management in sport associations of Bushehr province and to provide appropriate solutions. The statistical population consisted of all presidents, secretaries and vice-presidents of sport associations active in Bushehr province and 120 subjects were selected by purposive non-random sampling method from Jam, Dashtestan, Genaveh and Dayeer cities. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the applied questionnaire as 0.81 and the validity was confirmed by professors and experts. The exploratory factor analysis by SPSS 18 software showed that the barriers under study explained 66% of variance. Finally, barriers to TQM implementation were the lack of an acceptance culture, the lack of constant training and education and the lack of effective management respectively. The lack of an acceptance culture was identified as the most important barrier.

The aim of the present study was to identify effective factors that contribute to athletes' drug abuse after retirement from sport. Research method was exploratory and statistical population included Chokheh wrestling athletes and other groups related to the study goal. Therefore, 227 subjects (active athletes (n=60), coaches and retired (n=20), referees and volunteers (n=20), retired addict athletes (n=17), retired non-addict athletes (n=30) and spectators (n=80)) were selected purposively as statistical sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis detected those factors affecting Chokheh wrestling athletes' drug abuse in three individual, organizational and social levels and it also identified 10 factors of positive attitude to drugs, depression, the lack of failure tolerance, curiosity, family, friends, the lack of facilities, socioeconomic deprivations, the lack of planning and drug market. Also, deprivation, lack of planning and depression explained the most proportion and curiosity, drug market and family explained the lowest proportion of the total variance.

The aim of this study was the relationship between coaching behavior and team ethical climate in premier league team athletes. Statistical population consisted of 1395 male and female athletes in volleyball, basketball, handball and football. Using Cochrane formula, 300 subjects were selected and a questionnaire was randomly distributed. Personal information questionnaire, Coaching Behavior Questionnaire (Martin & Barnes, 1999) and Ethical Climate Questionnaire (Victor Cullen, 1993) were used to collect data. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, Spearman and multiple regression tests and SPSS 20 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaires were calculated by Cronbach's alpha test (Ethical Climate Questionnaire α=0.78, Coaching Behavior Questionnaire α=0.76) after a pilot study. The results showed a significant relationship between coaching behavior (positive reactional behavior, negative reactional behavior and normal behavior) and ethical climate. There was no significant difference in coaching behaviors between male and female athletes while there was a significant difference in ethical climate between male and female athletes. According to the results, it seems that coaches should pay attention to positive and normal reactional behaviors when dealing with athletes.

The aim of this study was to compare gender identity of male and female professional athletes in Iran. This study was descriptive, correlation and casual-comparative. The population consisted of all male and female, individual and team players in the national and professional sports teams (N=380). Using Morgan and Krejcie Table, 191 male and female athletes in individual and team sports were selected. In 1974, psychologist Sandra Bam provided a test that measured androgyny. The mean feminine identity, as expected, was higher in female athletes (5.11±0.432) and it was lower in male athletes than female athletes (4.96±0.502). Mean androgynous identity was equal in male and female athletes which was 4.95±0.475 in female athletes and 4.93±0.409 in male athletes. t obtained in this test was -2.263 and the significance level was less than 0.05 which showed a significant difference in gender identity between men and women.