نشریه مطالعات بین المللی
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 63، زمستان 1398)

The Islamic Republic of Iran is an important regional power in the Middle East, which has greatly strengthened its influence among the Shiites and other groups in the region. In the meantime, Iran's relationship with Syria is regarded as strategic ties, among which the reasons are: The existence of the Alawite government in Syria, helping Iran in Iraqi imposed war, the presence of Syria in the first line of resistance against the Israeli regime and the existence of a line of Iranian support for the Lebanese Hezbollah in Syria that have caused Iran to respond to any kind of crisis in that country. The recent crisis in Syria began in 2011, during which protests by Homs citizens turned into civil war by bringing in Takfiri terrorist groups from foreign countries. Therefore in support of the Syrian government, Iran entered into this crisis which was both a comprehensive support and an advisory one. According to this argument, the question of this article is that what is the quantity and quality of the presence of Iranian military advisers in Syria and what kind of purpose is being pursued? To answer this question, the causative and non-descriptive research method has been used and its purpose is to examine various dimensions of this presence and its causes. The overall result of the article is that Iran has entered the country's crisis with the aim of preserving the survival of the Syrian government and in the context of its comprehensive support, has expanded its military advisers to a large extent, which aims to increase its national security.

Discourses in Foreign Policy are Important, especially as case studies in International Relations. They articulate floating signs from the discourses of each country around their central sign and turn them into moment. By creating a non-rival, they identify foreign relations of the countries. Then, they recognize other discourses and compete with them. In today's Middle East, given that the region has always been tense, the three discourses of the Islamic Revolution on the part of Iran, moderate Islam on the part of Turkey, and Salafi-Takfiri on the part of Saudi Arabia have identified each other as non-identical and are competing with each other. Because every discourse seeks to be hegemonic, these discourses also seek to maximize their influence in the Middle East. Despite of the presence of such discourses, the purpose of this article is to compare them. Therefore, the main question of this article is that "in comparing the above-mentioned discourses, which is guided by the three regional powers of Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, what are the similarities and differences? To answer this question, the research method is debate and comparative. The general conclusion of the article also shows that the three discourses of the Islamic Revolution, moderate Islam, and Salafi-Takfiri are all derived from the floating signs of Islam. However, considering the cultural, religious, social, political and historical situation of the three countries of Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, in various forms around the different central signs, they are articulated and reject each other as rivals.

Latin America started its economic integration after send World War and continues to walk the same path in the XXI century. However, this has not been an easy task and the process has been affected by national, regional and international course of events, bearing different fruits. The present article intends to respond to the question “To what extent Latin American economic integration and economic development has been successful?” The hypothsis of the present research is that in comparison with other regional integrations, Latin America’s achievement on trade policies has been considerable. However, it lags behind on export diversification and share of global trade.The existing literature on the subject could be classified to two groups. The first is of the belief that bigger Latin American countries have a higher chance of an effective economic integration, while the smallers do not really appreciate the advantages of such integration, given their bilateral relations with US and EU. The second group shares the idea that Latin America has a holistic approach regarding trade liberalization policies, but could not increase its share from global trade because it does not very much support financial and economic integration.To study and prove the hypothesis, an informative- analytical approach will be adopted to consider the achievements of the Latin American trade and economic organizations.

Start-up financing is one of the challenges of the international financial system. The aim of this study is to explain the challenges and analyze the solutions provided by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the European Union's legal system in this regard. The overall result is the granting of FinTech loans to finance businesses. The main question of the present study is what are the challenges of granting FinTech loans and the solutions available in this field? The existing hypothesis is that the most important challenges in granting these loans in the field of information collection of loan applicants by credit companies are the challenges related to the privacy of individuals in storing and processing their information. The present study is a documentary and analytical approach with an analytical study of the solutions provided by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and the principles governing the EU legal system, legislative and executive policies in the implementation of decentralized platforms and smart contracts and the adoption of effective regulations in accreditation. And it has suggested how to exchange virtual currencies and orient the way credit companies operate as solutions to these challenges.

Today's environmental protection is seen as a matter of global cooperation as development, including international convergence, where global sustainability is significantly influenced by economic growth and social change, which is in line with development in the light of interactions. International agreements and cooperation are emerging. This is achieved through the creation of rigorous and consistent frameworks and a focus on sustainable innovation, and green growth with a focus on protecting the environment doubles. In this research, we aim to analyze the path of development and convergence in the Nile towards environmental protection. In this regard, the present study aims at protecting the environment and explaining the role of governments against challenges by relying on international integration and the integration of laws as an important international issue, and the challenges and legal challenges of international integration. The findings of this study indicate that environmental threats pose a great danger and human rights have been attacked in the face of the natural and human environment. Wherever possible, enhancing international convergence to achieve environmental protection is seen as an essential policy value and priority and a serious priority and is a fundamental strategy for controlling environmental hazards and an effective approach to balancing sustainable development.

The aggressive policy of the new Saudi leadership towards Iran is one of the most important issues in the region, which has attracted the attention of many governments in the region and the world and represents the formation of a new kind of Saudi anti-Iranian action against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The new Saudi leadership headed by Mohammed Bin Salman, has been offensive towards the Islamic Republic of Iran and has sought to contain and control the Islamic Republic in the region through a balanced strategy. In the meantime outward balancing has been one of the Saudi Arabia's key strategies against Islamic Republic of Iran which in this study has been considered. Accordingly the present study seeks to answer the question of how the new Saudi leaders have taken advantage of the outward balance to contain and control the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region. The study concludes that Saudi Arabia has used three basic mechanisms of alliance with the states of the region, closeness to Israel and closeness and alliance with the United States to balance the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research has used an analytical-descriptive method to strengthen this hypothesis. Given the main question of the research, the purpose of this paper is to show how has Saudi Arabia's extroverted balance been used to control Iran's hegemony?