فهرست مطالب

International Journal of Nutrition Sciences
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Jan2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/03/11
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Saeed Sherafatmanesh, Maryam Ekramzadeh *, Leila Moosavi Pages 52-57

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is among the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide and its prevalence is increasing nowadays. This review article discusses the role of carbohydrate in NAFLD. We reviewed 57 papers out of which 48 randomized controlled trials and review articles with good quality were collected. The key words used for the search were: “Carbohydrate”, “Fructose”, “Weight”, “Low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet”, in combination with “NAFLD” for searching in “Pubmed”, ”Science direct” and “Google Scholar” databases. We limited our search to studies published in English. The available data provided adequate scientific evidence which pointed toward the considerable potential effects between high intake of carbohydrates, fructose, high glycemic index foods and low dietary fiber and incidence of the NAFLD. This review provided sufficient evidence that higher consumption of carbohydrates and fructose sources may exacerbate NAFLD which leads to more accumulation of fat in the liver; while higher intake of fiber and low GI carbohydrate tends to ameliorate NAFLD.

    Keywords: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Carbohydrate, Fructose, Glycemic index, Dietary fiber
  • Siavash Babajafari, Marzieh Moosavi-Nasab *, Samira Nasrpour, Mohammad-Taghi Golmakani, Farzad Nikaein Pages 58-65
    Background

    During fish processing operations, significant fish waste is generated, causing environmental problems. This study compared enzymatic hydrolysis and chemical methods for oil extraction from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) waste and its influence on omega 3 fatty acid profile.

    Methods

    Oil extraction efficiency and fatty acids profile from trout fish head were analyzed by comparing enzymatic method (protease from Bacillus subtilis) and chemical extraction with hexane (soxhlet method) to produce a valuable product by fish waste. The enzymatic hydrolysis and chemical methods for oil extraction from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) waste and its influence on omega 3 fatty acid profile were compared. The contents of fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography.

    Results

    No significant difference was noticed between the enzyme treatments with water (200, 100, and 50 mL) and without additional water regarding oil extraction efficiency. The samples without water were economically more affordable because of their lower volume and reducing energy consumption. The oil extraction efficiency with optimum enzymatic method (150 ppm of concentrated protease, without using water) was significantly lower than soxhlet method. Omega-3 content in the optimum biological method (9%) was significantly higher than that in soxhlet method (5.53%). Fatty acids with high contents of trout head oil in both methods were linoleic acid (18:2) and oleicacid (18:1).

    Conclusion

    Due to the suitable oil extraction efficiency and higher omega-3 fatty acid content of the enzymatic method compared to chemical solvent (hexane) extraction, enzymatic method was preferred as a safe and environment-friendly extraction technique.

    Keywords: Fish oil, Protease, Hexane, Omega-3, Fatty acids
  • Negar Ghasemifard, Masoumeh Akhlaghi, Shiva Faghih * Pages 66-72
    Background
    The importance of healthy eating habits increases in adolescence therefore, healthy eating index (HEI) and diet diversity score (DDS) are embedded in order to evaluate them. This study was undertaken to assess the diet quality of high school students in Shiraz, southern Iran.
    Methods
    This cross-sectional study enrolled 696, fourteen to twenty years old teenage boys and girls in Shiraz, southern Iran. Anthropometric indices including weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured. A 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to estimate usual dietary intakes, then HEI and DDS were calculated. Two physical activity questionnaires, one related to sitting activities and another about other activities were completed by participants.
    Results
    Among 341 boys and 355 girls, 51.4%, 31.2% and 17.4% had were normal, underweight, and overweight or obese, respectively. Mean WC of participants was 71.7±10.71 cm. The mean of HEI score was 57.6±6.8. Only 0.2% of students had a good diet. The mean of DD Score was 6.4±1.3. About 23.5% of participants had highly diverse diet. A statistically significant higher HEI score (girls: 58.8±7.0, boys: 56.4±6.4) and lower DDS score (6.7±1.3 vs 6.1±1.2) were noticed in girls compared to boys. A positive association was seen between fruits and vegetables diversity score and negative relation between breads/grains, meat and dairies diversity scores with HEI.
    Conclusion
    Dietary habits of most of junior and senior high school students in Shiraz needed moderate to severe improvements. So it is necessary to promote adolescent's nutritional knowledge and attitudes.
    Keywords: Diet quality, Healthy Eating Index, Dietary diversity, Adolescence, Iran
  • Mohammad Hossein Sharifi, Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari *, Mahoor Salehi Mobarakeh, Mohammad Fararouei Pages 73-79
    Background
    Vitamin D has been linked to health conditions and many serious diseases including cardiovascular, diabetes, and cancer. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between vitamin Dwith diet quality, sun exposure, physical activity, sociodemographic, and anthropometrics indices.
    Methods
    In a cross-sectional study, 180 subjects (90 males and 90 females) aged from 14 to 57 years were enrolled. A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and anthropometric data, physical activity and food intake information. The correlation between serum vitamin D with these variables was analyzed.
    Results
    Significant difference was noted between two genders regarding age, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, job, income, physical activity, LDL, HDL, TG, and cholesterol. Low quality diets denoted to a mean global score of 47±6.3 and 46±6.4 in male and females, respectively. No significant difference was found between diet quality, calcium intake (1310±734 mg), and vitamin D intake (1.8±1.5 mg) with serum vitamin D level. Further analysis revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between cholesterol and saturated fat intake and serum vitamin D. Between two genders, the correlation between physical activity (p<0.005), sitting time(p<0.04), and income(p<0.04) with serum vitamin D level was significant.
    Conclusion
    Based on significant correlation between serum vitamin D level, with cholesterol, saturated fat intake, physical activity and income, we can conclude that physical activity has correlation with a favorable vitamin D status.
    Keywords: Vitamin D, Diet quality, Sun exposure, Physical Activity
  • Zohreh Mazloom, Nadia Razmjouei, Najmeh Hejazi *, Fereshte Sanjarian Dehaghani Pages 80-84
    Background
    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological disorder which affect the capabilities of sensory-motor and the ability of producing and preparing food in patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity in patients with MS and its association with body mass index (BMI) and demographic parameters.
    Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, 139 patients who were registered in the Council of Patients with MS in Shiraz, southern Iran were randomly selected (including 118 women and 21 men with an average age of 26.5 years). The state of food insecurity of these patients was assessed by using a questionnaire of Household Food Security Status. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and arm circumference were measured based on the standard instructions and waist to hip ratio and body mass index was also calculated.
    Results
    The prevalence of food insecurity and the level of food security in the patients were 69.8% and 30.2%, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the waist to hip circumference ratio that was higher in the food insecurity group than the food security group. Assessing anthropometric data with food security score showed a significant inverse relationship between arm circumference and food security score, although the association was not strong.
    Conclusion
    According to the findings of this study, food insecurity has a high prevalence in patients with MS. Significant inverse relationship between arm circumference and food security score observed in these patients indicates to poor nutritional status of them.
    Keywords: Food insecurity, Multiple Sclerosis, Anthropometric measurements
  • Zahra Sohrabi, Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari *, Marzieh Akbarzadeh, Mohammad Hadi Eskandari, Mohammad Mahdi Sagheb Pages 85-91
    Background
    Whey protein can improve quality of life and vitamin E can reduce oxidative stress. Due to the reduced quality of life in hemodialysis patients, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of whey beverage fortified with vitamin E on quality of lifein hemodialysis patients.
    Methods
    Ninety two 17 to 65 years old patients who were on hemodialysis were randomly assigned to four groups of (i) 1 receiving whey beverage fortified with vitamin E, (ii) 2 receiving whey beverage, (iii) 3 receiving vitamin E, and (iv) 4 as the control group receiving no intervention. SF-12 questionnaire was used for assessing quality of life in the participants.
    Results
    Bodily pain score improved significantly in group 3 while, a significant decline was seen for bodily pain in control group. An improvement was seen in groups 1 and 2. Physical health showed a significant improvement in group 1. Considering social functioning scores, improvement in whey beverage and vitamin E groups was seen. An improvement of quality of life in whey beverage fortified with vitamin E was noticed.
    Conclusion
    Whey protein and vitamin E were shown to reduce oxidative stress and their effect on neurotransmitters in brain such as serotonin and dopamine leads to improvement in quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Doing longer studies with questionnaires such as SF-36, may help precise investigation of whey protein and vitamin E effects on quality of life of hemodialysis patients.
    Keywords: Whey beverage, Vitamin E, Quality of life, Hemodialysis patients
  • Seyed Mohammad Amin Rezaei * Pages 92-96
    Background

    Nowadays, fast food consumption has increased dramatically in different societies leading to many diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and attitude toward consumption of fast foods.

    Methods

    Totally, 540 subjects aged 18-45 years old from Yasuj, southwestern Iran who referred to health centers were randomly enrolled. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and the attitude toward fast food consumption.

    Results

    Totally, 304 (56.3%) male and 236 (43.7%) female were included. The consumption of fast food was 3 times per week among 23.5% of participants, 1-2 times per week in 45.6% of people, less than once a week in 28.4% of subjects and 2.2% never had fast food experience. 79.7% of consumers cited good taste as the main reason for consumption, 59.6% and 14.4% of them reported fast preparation and advertisement, respectively. Students and singles ate fast food more than others, 84.7% of fast food consumers used carbonated beverages with their fast food and 63.7% of them had fast foods as dinner.

    Coclusion

    Fast food consumption has been extremely high and particularly more among students and youths in Yasuj that can be an alarm for health providers,. Therefore, providing the necessary education and training can promote awareness for the side effects of fast food consumption in the society.

    Keywords: Fast food, Yasuj, Iran
  • Reihaneh Basirat, Somayeh Yosaee, Leila Azadbakht, Ghorbanali Rahimian, Koorosh Djafarian * Pages 97-102
    Background

    Nowadays, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) and model of adipose distribution (MOAD) are novel indicators of abdominal fat dysfunction shown to have a strong correlation with cardiovascular diseases, even there is controversy for patients with NAFLD. This study aimed to compare VAI and MOAD in patients with NAFLD and healthy individuals.

    Methods

    In a case-control study, 44 patients with NAFLD aged 20-60 years and 44 healthy individuals of the same age and sex were enrolled. Liver enzymes and lipid profile were measured after fasting for 10-12 hours. Anthropometric data, blood pressure, MOAD and VAI were determined for each subject separately.

    Rsults

    Although the mean of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), VAI, and MOAD indices were significantly different between case and control groups, all indices could only predict NAFLD in females except for BMI.

    Conclusion

    This study showed that BMI is not a predictor for the development of NAFLD in males and females. VAI, MOAD indices can be used to estimate the relationship for NAFLD regarding two indices of WC and WHtR as the most powerful indices for estimation of the proportion of the risk for developing NAFLD.

    Keywords: Nonalcoholic fatty liver, Visceral adiposity index, Metabolic Syndrome, Model of adipose distribution
  • Seyed Mohammad Amin Rezaei * Pages 103-108
    Background
    Today, in Iran sport has gained a special place among people and meantime, bodybuilding centers were able to attract many people, while a large number of athletes have the desire to consume anabolic steroids to enhance their athletic performance, gain championship and fitness, and increase their muscle mass and energy. This study was performed to survey prevalence of anabolic steroids consumption in athletes in Yasuj, Iran.
    Methods
    uring 2012, totally, 214 male and female athletes in Yasuj, Iran were randomly enrolled. The necessary information was obtained using a questionnaire containing demographic questions, the amount and type of substance used, their purpose of consumption, duration of exercise, the manner of preparation and consumption, the place of preparation and awareness about the side effects of these compounds.
    Results
    The least were athletes less than 20 years old (9.8%) and the most were 20-25 years (55.1%), while 43% of athletes used anabolic steroids. Creatine (77.2%) and anabolic steroids (72.8%) were the most commonly used drugs among consumers. About 69.6% of consumers reported an increase in muscle mass as the reason, 28.6% provided the substances from free market, 11% reported consultation with their doctor or nutritionist to use the proper substance, 45.8% had low awareness, and only 14.5% were completely aware of side effects.
    Conclusion
    Regarding the frequency of consumption od anabolic steroids and low awareness of athletes about the complications, educational programs seem to be necessary to control their use and increase the awareness of users.