Journal of Iranian Medical Council
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Winter 2019

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of death in the world, . Primary prevention of CRC is important, However even in people involved with cancer, there is insufficient knowledge of cancer screening.

in a comparative method two groups of people over 40 years of age who had been referred to the oncology clinics of Shariati Hospital were studied. Group 1: First-degree relatives of people with CRC. Group 2: First-degree relatives of people with other cancers. The subjects were selected via random sampling.

300 people were included in this study. None of the subjects who had a family history of non-CRC (control group) have never been screened for this cancer, but 15 (10%) of those who had a history of CRC in the first-degree relatives underwent screening in the past.

People with a family history of colorectal cancer have more been more aware of necessity for CRC screening than those without a family history, however this knowledge has not led to partake in any screening method.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTIs) are among the most common infections and inadequate use of the available clinical guidelines leads to the inappropriate usage of antibiotics, which increases drug resistance. The present study aimed to examine the diagnostic methods and treatments for UTI with respect to the available guidelines for a group of patients who were admitted in the internal medicine wards of a teaching hospital. This was a retrospective descriptive and analytic cross-sectional study on patients with primary UTI  admitted in one of the educational hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during year 2014. After extracting the list of patients from the hospital’s archives, the files were checked for relevant data and the questionnaire was completed. The questionnaire in this study was designed based on IDSA (Infectious Diseases Society of America), Johns Hopkins, Sanford School and Mendel. Protocols were screened by the program administrators and examined by the infectious specialists. The analyses showed that the rate of correct treatment was 16.7% and the type of antibiotic was correctly selected in 55.1% of cases. Also, 15.4% of patients received first-line antibiotics, while 39.7% received second-line antibiotics. This study showed 56.4% of patients had structural disorders at admission and proteinuria was the most common structural disorder. our results showed insufficient and inadequate use of the clinical guidelines by the physicians. In that regard, we believe  workshops and training courses can improve the outcomes and reduce the costs imposed on the healthcare system.

Alborz province is one of the highly populated provinces of Iran. Epidemiologic studies provide good information for estimating the prevalence of mental health disorders and they can be used to strengthen health policies and promote targeted programs for prevention and treatment of mental health disorders. The aim of this study is to determine the profile of mental health disorders in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years old living in urban and rural areas of Alborz province.

This wasa cross-sectional study. In this cluster and stratified random sampling survey, 1008 children aged 6 to 18 years living in Alborz province, based on the Persian version of K-SADS-PL, have been studied for mental health problems.

The overall prevalence of mental health disorders in children and adolescents was 13.5%. The most common disorder was enuresis (7.3%) and then anxiety disorders (4.5%), tobacco use (3.8%) and behavioral disorders (2.9%). According to the findings, elimination disorders and anxiety disorders had the highest comorbidity (12.3 and 11.7%, respectively) with the other psychiatric disorders.

The prevalence of mental health problems among youth in Alborz province is similar to that from other studies from developing countries. The high prevalence of enuresis, anxiety disorders and tobacco abuse among children and adolescents suggests to focus on drawing appropriate policies for management of enuresis and prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.

 Smoking is one of the major factors that threatens human health. There is a controversy regarding the relationship between family members’ smoking behaviour and dental caries in children.  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between parents’ smoking behaviour and incidence of dental caries in their children who are considered passive smokers.  This study was conducted as a case-control method. 800 students within the age of 6 and 14 years old were randomly selected by sex and educational level. All the students were assessed in terms of the following factors: age; gender; educational level; school type; diet; frequency of tooth-brushing; frequency of parents’ smoking behaviour; number of smoker parents; number of teeth and general oral habits. This information was obtained through the questionnaires completed by parents. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT/dmft) of the students were recorded by clinical examination through a disposable explorer and mirror  without radiography. The relationship between the studied variables was examined by Logistic regression method. Data of this research show that there is a significant relationship between the exposure time to the smoke and the dmft/ DMFT. It has been found that the longer exposure time since birth resulted in more DMFT / dmft changes (p=0.000).  The results of this study showed that parental smoking significantly affects the caries of deciduous and permanent teeth in their children.

 Social capital is described on the basis of the quality of social relations between individuals and it includes the capacity of quantifying or solving the problems that are usually experienced. It is a means to improve the quality of life and facilitate community progress through the provision of social communication resources. By considering the importance of monitoring the process of social capital and informing about its functions, and the changes related to its components and paying attention to the results in terms of mental health programs, we examined the status of social capital among the residents of Tehran province who were over the age of 18.

 This cross-sectional analytical study is part of The Iranian Children and Adolescents’ Psychiatric Disorders Research (IRCAP) which is being carried out in various urban and rural areas of Iran. IRCAP includes different background features such as social capital, culture, ethnicity and economic status from different provinces. In our community-based study, 29776 men and women over the age of 18 years were selected by multistage cluster sampling (cluster sampling and random sampling). They were examined by Social Capital Questionnaire. One-sample t-test and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the data.

 In Tehran province from a total of 2065 participants, 1841 remained in the study for examination of all variables. Based on the one-sample t-test the results show that all variables for province of Tehran was higher than those for the other provinces (p<0.001). The average social capital of trust in the province of Tehran was 18.77 while it was 17.52 for other provinces (with minimum and maximum range of 5-25) (p<0.001). However the social capital status in Tehran   was above the average for all variables, it was still far from optimal level.

 Our results show that social capital in Tehran is higher than other provinces in Iran. This includes both total social capital and its all components. However, the province of Tehran is above the average level in all components of social capital, it is still far from optimal level.

 Genistein is an isoflavonoid of soy that has been stated to show neuroprotection effect in some central nervous system disorders such as seizures and status epilepticus. from our previous study, we found that genistein showed an anticonvulsant effect through estrogenic and serotonergic receptors in Ovariectomized (OVX) mice. N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and Nitric Oxide (NO) pathway have been documented to be involved in genistein effects in rat’s hippocampus ischemic/reperfusion and Alzheimer’s disease.  Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the possible involvement of NMDA receptors and nitrergic pathway in anticonvulsant effect of genistein on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in OVX-mice.     NMRI female mice weighing 23-30 gr were undergone bilateral ovariectomy. Seizure susceptibility was studied by PTZ-induced seizures model after 14 days of recovery.  Genistein (10 mg/kg, i.p.) injection elevated the seizures threshold in OVX mice. The effect of a sub-effective dose of genistein (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was potentiated by L-NAME (nonspecific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS); 10 mg/kg, i.p) and 7-nitroindazole (specific inhibitor of neural NOS; 25 mg/kg, i.p.), while, l-arginine (the nitric oxide precursor, 30 mg/kg, i.p) blocked the anticonvulsant activity of genistein (10 mg/kg). Acute injection of ketamine (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) and MK-801(0.05 mg/kg) as NMDA receptor antagonists before sub-effective dose of genistein (5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed a significant increase in seizure threshold among OVX mice.  In summary, our results demonstrated that NMDA receptors and neuronal nitric oxide synthase might be associated with an anticonvulsant effect of genistein after ovariectomy in mice.

 This study aimed to measure Peri-papillary Choroidal Thickness (PCT) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness (RNFLT) in mild to moderate axial myopic eyes and compare their average values with those of normal control participants.

 Twenty-five mild to moderate axial myopic eyes were included in this study. The data of 27 normal eyes were also considered as the control group. Subjects underwent a refractive error examination and axial length measurements. Then, the RNFLT, as well as the choroid borders (outer and inner) were measured. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) measurement of both eyes was done using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT).

 The average PCT of the eyes of the myopic subjects and normal controls was 161.7±29.6 and 166.18±39.8 μm, respectively. All the regional values of PCT and its average were not significantly different between myopic and the control eyes. However RNFLT values were significantly lower in the superior (p=0.004), inferior (p=0.01), and nasal (p<0.001) sectors among the myopic eyes in comparison with the control eyes. There was a negative association between axial length and choroidal thickness in temporal r=0.12 (p=0.023), superiorr=-0.2(p=0.04), nasal [r=-0.34 (p<0.001] and inferior [r=-0.32 (p=0.001)] segments, respectively that of them it was not statistically significant for the temporal segment.

 Although RNFLT values were lower in the most regions of myopic eyes versus the controls, no significant difference was statistically found in the PCT using Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography (EDI-OCT) from mild to moderate axial myopic cases and the control eyes. The choroidal thickness in temporal, superior, nasal segments were negatively correlating with axial length.

IgA is the first line of defense in the mucous membranes. The secretion of Salivary IgA depends on many factors including physical activity. The aim of this study was to detect the effects of physical activity on Salivary IgA concentration in normal children. This interventional study was conducted on 24 healthy children who were visited in Society oriented clinic of Zanjan University of medical sciences. Salivary samples were collected in three times; at the beginning of the study, one hour after 30 minutes of exercising and finally after three weeks of moderate exercises. The data were analyzed by SPSS software through statistical tests. This study included 12 girls (50%) and 12 boys (50%), with the mean age of 11.37 ± 2.9 years. The mean concentration of salivary IgA (SIgA) level at the baseline, one hour and three weeks after exercise were 51.99±10.44, 83.66±62.26 and 74.38±33.36 micrograms per milliliter respectively. We found significant rising in the SIgA after exercises. However we didn''t find significant difference in SigA levels after one hour and 3 weeks of exercises.Discussion &The sIgA level increases after an acute exercise and slowly declines with the continuation of exercise however it is still above the basic level after 3 weeks. Therefore exercises might have beneficial effect on immune regulation and prevention of infections among children.

The recent flood in Iran was an opportunity to assess the practical status of social capital in Iran. Social capital is one of the key elements in shaping the interpersonal relationships of individuals in a society to achieve the highest humanitarian goals and improve the standard of living.[1] Flood occurrence in 15 provinces of the total of 31 provinces of Iran along with flooding of rivers and extreme rainfall, reaching over 1,000 mm in some cases, spans more than a half of the country's geographic surface.[2]From the early beginning of this tragedy, all people in Iran helped the flood victims. The institutions responsible for this area, such as the Red Crescent, the Interior Ministry, the Army and Police, all came to the aid of flood victims. But what all the world saw and was a huge reflection was the full participation of the people in this regard.Self-help groups were formed in all affected cities and villages. Various medical, engineering and support groups with their unique presence helped flood victims. In total, while flooding had halved Iran, all Iranians came to the aid of flood victims.In the short term, a large amount of intra-group and inter-group relationships was formed. Different ethnic groups helped each other and bonding and bridging social capital was formed. Trust was founded. Also,social network, participation and collaboration was formed.In short, it can be said that the flood in Iran showed the greatness of Iran's social capital to the world.