فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 35، بهار 1399)

disasters lead to the experience of trauma in the children. On average, one in three children with trauma, one of them has symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, planning and managing the transition from crisis to normal conditions during the temporary and emergency sheltering phase is important as a starting point for recovery. The present study deals with the location of emergency and temporary shelter in green spaces and playground and its role on psychological resilience and stress reduction in children of  the 1396 Kermanshah earthquake.

Due to the limitations of verbal communication with the child on the one hand and completion of temporary and emergency accommodation time, on the other hand, the present study selected a qualitative approach using photo-novella visual expression and unstructured interviewing during the research process. The process executed in a hierarchical manner in three stages. The statistical population consisted of 35 children from Kermanshah community aged 5-11 years and were selected purposefully. Research data were quantified using SPSS software and Q factor analysis, and brainstorming on children's preferences for post-disaster shelter locations was extracted.

According to the findings, the preferences of all the children in the study were locating shelters in green spaces and playground, which indicates the child's intrinsic cognition and attraction to such spaces. Secondly, it was found that the importances of defined spaces such as designed landscapes and designed landscapes and playground, within the community, were more than natural landscapes and undefined landscapes and playgrounds. In the second place there were spaces with the possibility of playing against those without. The reasons for this, are the sense of security in defined spaces and the need for physical activity and play. In the third phase of the study, it was found that the importance of peer communication and social relationships can increase the priority of undefined spaces in the previous stage and confirm the strong role of social support and communication in the mental recovery of children.

According to the results, among the Kermanshah Disaster affected children, the priority is locating post-disaser shelter in playgrounds and green spaces with the possibility of play, improved cognitive performance, physical activity and a sense of security. Therefore, according to the conceptual framework of research, mental health and resilience will result from experiencing spaces with such capabilities.

The most important step in disaster management is recognizing the correct, accurate and wise of the potential risks and threats that may occur. Rationally, the distribution of limited resources among a lot of hazards and threats is neither feasible nor possible; therefore, at the first the hazards and threats of each region should be identify and prioritize through a rational model, so that the disaster management system, Prepares itself for clever encounters. In this context, one of the most commonly used methods is the risk matrix model that used in contingency planning logic. Since the Assaluyeh is considered as one of the very important and strategic regions, and the occurrence of any disaster in this region may have irreparable damage, so that, it is necessary to identify the potential hazards and threats of the region. In this research, we have tried to identify and prioritize the hazards and threats of the Assaluyeh area by contingency planning.

the method used in this paper is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. In qualitative method, major threats and potential hazards were identified through interviews and then, using the designed questionnaire, the severity of the hazard or threat was inquired from All of the managers of the administrative district of Assaluyeh have been questioned that 31 of them responded. Also for verification, the work output again confirmed two of the senior regional officials in the area who were available to researchers. Finally, based on the risk matrix model, the priority and significance of each of the threats are shown.

The findings of the study suggest that out of the 21 identified, 4 would be catastrophic, including bombings, tsunamis, air strikes, and chain explosions. Also, the only risks that will be affected by the crisis are Internet virus attacks. Summing up the experts' opinions, eight risks were estimated at the severe level and the rest at the limited impact level. It is noteworthy that, to the experts, no hazards with a minor impact level have been identified.

Conclusions indicate that chain explosions and bombings will have the highest amount of damage and damage, although expert opinion emphasizes that such incidents are not likely to occur. On the other hand, air pollution and man-made fires are both highly probable and highly effective.

In construction of main urban infrastructures, observing the principles of passive defense in order to maintain safety and reduce vulnerabilities in critical situations is very important. In this study, critical infrastructures were identified and ranked. Finally, the most effective and impressible infrastructures for successful management in non-operating defense were identified.

In this study, urban infrastructures evaluated and ranked in relation to each other. Initially, 32 urban infrastructures were identified and introduced in the case study of Guilan province. Then, using the Friedman method, unimportant infrastructure was removed.Finally, most effective and impressible infrastructures of the remaining 23 infrastructures were measured by fuzzy DEMTEL technique.

The infrastructure of the power plant has the least influense on other infrastructures, and the infrastructure of transmission lines and pressure boosting stations has the least influense. Also, airports within urban areas recive the most impact and air and ground cabling infrastructure recive the least impact from others.

Power plant infrastructure is the most effective infrastructure that needs to be rebuilt or re-engineered according to the principles of passive defense due to the time it takes to repair and the high cost of repairing it in times of crisis as well as it is need for other infrastructures.

Developing fragility and vulnerability functions are important tools in seismic reliability assessment of buildings and are widely used in regional seismic risk studies. To date sufficient studies for developing analytical fragility functions for Iranian code-conforming buildings have not been carried out. Performing such studies are necessary to assess the adequacy of Iranian seismic design codes. 

In this paper, by designing 4, 8 and 15 storey concrete reinforced concrete buildings based on the latest three editions of Iranian Standard 2800, seismic fragility functions will be estimated for the 9 different design results. For this purpose, after designing the structures defined in accordance with the procedures in Iranian Standard 2800 and the National Building Code, Chapter 9, a nonlinear model of each case was developed in the OpenSEES finite element software. Nonlinear material properties as well as P-Δ effects were considered in the models. Twenty-two reference ground motion records were used to perform the incremental dynamic analyses. The relative performance criteria according to publication No. 361 of the Planning and Budget Organization of Iran were employed in the evaluation of the results of nonlinear analyses.

The results were applied in statistical analysis to estimate the seismic fragility functions and corresponding parameters.

The results show the trend of change in the seismic fragility for the frames with different height and conforming different editions of the Standard No. 2800.

With the rise of natural disasters, different societies have continually sought to discover solutions to control or minimize the damage caused by unexpected events and to actually manage disasters. In the past few decades, the need for social participation to reduce disasters has increased. The community-based disaster  risk management framework is growing. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the necessity and its aspects in order to evaluate the community-based model.

The method, according to the analysis of community-based disaster risk management, is theoretical study based on library documents, and then the collected data were analyzed and described.

The research findings suggest that the community-based approach does not address the top-down approach deficiencies that have failed to address local needs due to neglect of indigenous resources and responsibilities, and seek to reduce people's vulnerability and improve planning and disaster management.

The survey shows that countries' ability to deal with risks depends heavily on disaster management policy. In order to improve social and economic affairs and reduce inequalities in society, developing a spirit of cooperation and motivating people to participate is one of the clear ways.

numerous seismic hazard analysis studies are conducted annually using probabilistic methods throughout the world and Iran, which are usually different from the initial assumptions of analysis or software used. On the other hand, many researches are presented every year about new methods of earthquake hazard zoning, but so far these studies have not computed earthquake hazard zoning maps for all regions of Iran. Therefore, it is essential to know the modern methods of seismic hazard maps for Iran based on the strategies presented in these sources.

By comparing several national and international standards (ASCE 07 ,UBC-97, API650, IBC, and 038) comparable across Iran and the world, we compare the results of hazard analysis and related parameters in each of these sources. The results were compared with each other, by performing a hazard analysis on a specific site to the strengths and weaknesses of each standard by collecting seismic data from Site 2 of South Pars; Therefore, the basic prerequisites for doing so include reviewing the seismic status and distribution of projected earthquakes, tectonic conditions,active faults at the site, collecting,developing an integrated and comprehensive database of seismic sources within the study area, fault length mechanisms, geometry the maximum disruption and earthquake attributable to each source is.

Using geological and topographic maps, information about seismicity of the area was collected and field visits were carried out in several selected paths in the design range up to approximately 200 km. During field visits, faults in the area were identified and their characteristics determined based on fault maps, seismicity of the study site, seismic parameters and seismic hazard analysis using probabilistic method, maximum acceleration of the strong earth movement and design response spectrum for the surface designated.

The earthquake estimation in ASCE7-5 & 10, IBC, API650 for the return period is 2475 years(Probability of uniform collapse assuming that there is no uncertainty in the collapsing capacity of a structure), but in ASCE7-10 since earthquake estimation is based on the risk concept that leading to the design of structures at risk of collapse is the same(In fact, there is uncertainty in collapsing capacity). The design spectrum of this standard is affected by the risk integral (integration of the hazard curve with the fragility curve), different from the spectrum 2% probability of Exceedance in 50 years, so ASCE7 has a relative advantage over using the new concept in earthquake estimation than other standards.

As a strategic capital and a hub for the national and international political and administrative buildings, Tehran has constantly been exposed to earthquakes in history. In order to reduce the risks contributed by the earthquake, it is essential to utilize all available potentials to predict evacuation and emergency accommodation during the hazard. To this end, a potential disregarded for the post-earthquake mass settlement is public and governmental buildings. Thus, this study aims to study the potential of the very buildings in Tehran, in terms of zoning for use as a place for temporary settlement of earthquake victims. Therefore, the objective of the study is to analyze the feasibility and appropriateness of using public and administrative buildings as a resettlement center after an earthquake crisis. In terms of the nature of the purpose, the research is of applicable type and in terms of method nature, it is of descriptive-case and analytical type.

To collect data, such methods as documentation, library, and spatial data archives have been used. To analyze data, some other methods like spatial analysis methods in GIS, spatial standardization indices, spatial matching analysis, and AHP model have been used.

site selection indexes of multi-purpose use public buildings with community shelter function in earthquake crisis have been identifying and weighting. Accordingly, maps of the Proportion and Prioritization of public buildings in District 5 of the Tehran Municipality have been prepared. So, the very public buildings that can be used as informal resettlement during the earthquake were identified and offered.

Based on the findings, such buildings as educational, cultural, religious, sports, multistory parking, and residential hotels have the most potential to change use in the 5th district of Tehran municipality during the earthquake crisis.