Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:7 Issue: 1, Winter 2020

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the context of lipid metabolism research in physical activity, lipolysis, lipolysis hormone regulation and the fate of lipolysis products in exercise, fatty acid transporters, some genes involved in lipid metabolism, effect of resistance activity on lipolysis, adaptations of adipose tissue due to physical activity, lipoproteins and apoproteins and the effect of physical activity and to achieve a desirable conclusion and provide more relevant information from previous research. In this study, articles were searched in specialized databases and 40 related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the molecular adaptations of lipolysis to physical activity were investigated. The amount of free fatty acid occurrence can be measured by estimating the amount of lipolysis. Fatty acids released from adipose tissue lipolysis form a major part of the active fuel, especially when the duration of training is long and the intensity is low to moderate. Physical activity through the release of more epinephrine from the adrenal glands and norepinephrine from the sympathetic nerve endings increases the rate of lipolysis of adipose tissue. Also, aerobic activity increases the genes involved in lipid metabolism and lipolysis. The present study showed that the intensity and duration of training, diet and training positions influence lipolysis and lipid metabolism. The amount of adipose tissue lipolysis is controlled by triacylglycerol hormone-sensitive lipase. Resistance activity stimulates stimulating growth hormone, catecholamines, and enzymes involved in the lipolysis process. Endurance training also reduces the number of fat cells and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations.

Cancer cachexia is a condition often seen at diagnosis, throughout chemotherapeutic treatments and in end stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer patients. These patients often experience a shorter life-expectancy and deterioration in performance status and reduced quality of life. New multi˗targeted regimens are required to be tested in this population to address these issues.

The ACCeRT study is an open label, prospective, randomised controlled feasibility study investigating the use of eicosapentaenoic acid and COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) versus eicosapentaenoic acid, COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib), progressive resistance training followed by ingestion of essential amino acids high in leucine in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cachectic patients. The study protocol was published in November 2011. Due to study participants and study team preferences a number of changes were made. Firstly, a change from a bolus drink containing 20 g of essential amino acids to an encapsulated form in divided doses over three days. Secondly, a change in leg strength analysis from utilising a leg/back dynamometry to a customised chair with a load cell testing extension isometric force. Thirdly, study drug dose reductions were now permitted. Fourthly, addition of two study sites which allowed participants to attend progressive resistance training sessions in their local area. Finally, a change in inclusion criteria to include participants that had received any first-line anti-cancer treatment. A guest participant was invited onto the study in April 2012, followed by the first study participant in June 2012.

The guest participant showed trends in efficacy in a number of outcomes; stable fat free mass in the context of decreasing total body weight, with stable FAACT˗PWB, MFSI-SF physical, and WHOQOL-BREF QOL scores at week 20, all during documented disease progression now termed refractory cachexia. There were no treatment or exercise-related adverse events.

Publishing feasibility study protocols allows transparency in study interventions and assessments. The above ACCeRT regimen stabilised fat free mass and a number of physical/performance indicators and QOL in the guest participant.

The thrombophilia is one of the most important cause of maternal thromboembolism, which is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) Risk. The aim of present study was to investigate prevalence of prothrombin (FII, G20210A) and factor V Leiden (FVL, G1691A) genes mutation, as two important cause of thrombophilia, in Iranian Azeri women with RPL.

The subjects in this retrospective study consisted of 100 women (20-40 years old) with RPL recruited from Iranian Azeri population in East Azerbaijan province, Tabriz in Iran. The genomic DNA was extracted from 5 ml peripheral blood samples using the proteinase K method. The Allele and genotype of FII (G20210A) and FVL (G1691A) mutations were assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Our results showed that the frequency of normal homozygous, heterozygous and mutation homozygous for the FII G20210A and FVL G1691A mutations were equally distributed among Iranian Azeri women with RPL. The genotype distribution in RPL patients was, 99% AA, 1% AG, and 0% GG in both of the mutations.

In general, our study showed that the prevalence of FVL (G1691A) and FII (G20210A) mutations is low in the Iranian Azeri women with RPL. However, these mutations can be the important reasons for RPL, and more studies with large sample size are required to determine the exact frequency of FVL (G1691A) and FII (G20210A) mutations in Iranian Azeri women with RPL.

The thrombophilia is one of the most important cause of maternal thromboembolism, which is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) Risk. The aim of present study was to investigate prevalence of prothrombin (FII, G20210A) and factor V Leiden (FVL, G1691A) genes mutation, as two important cause of thrombophilia, in Iranian Azeri women with RPL.

The subjects in this retrospective study consisted of 100 women (20-40 years old) with RPL recruited from Iranian Azeri population in East Azerbaijan province, Tabriz in Iran. The genomic DNA was extracted from 5 ml peripheral blood samples using the proteinase K method. The Allele and genotype of FII (G20210A) and FVL (G1691A) mutations were assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Our results showed that the frequency of normal homozygous, heterozygous and mutation homozygous for the FII G20210A and FVL G1691A mutations were equally distributed among Iranian Azeri women with RPL. The genotype distribution in RPL patients was, 99% AA, 1% AG, and 0% GG in both of the mutations.

In general, our study showed that the prevalence of FVL (G1691A) and FII (G20210A) mutations is low in the Iranian Azeri women with RPL. However, these mutations can be the important reasons for RPL, and more studies with large sample size are required to determine the exact frequency of FVL (G1691A) and FII (G20210A) mutations in Iranian Azeri women with RPL.

Cesarean Section (CS) is considered one of the most common surgeries in obstetrics and gynecology; it is, also, one of the methods of termination of pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and causes of CS among the primigravid women referred to Taleghani Hospital in Ilam located in western of Iran.

This was cross-sectional (descriptive) study. All primigravid women who referred to Taleghani hospital in Ilam from October 2017 to April 2018 were included in study. Of the total 1738 deliveries performed during six months, 296 cases were related to primigravid women. The questionnaire was used as the research tool; it was completed through interviewing with women who referred to Taleghani hospital for delivery and reviewing patients’ records. SPSS software version 20was applied to analayze the collected data using descriptive statistics.

The findings showed that 867 (49.88%) and 871 (50.12%) deliveries of the total 1738 deliveries performed during the second half of 2017, were related to multiparous and primigravid women, respectively. Among the performed vaginal deliveries and CSs, 427 (49.25%) and 296 (33.98%) cases were related to nulliparous women, respectively; the incidence rate of CS among the nulliparous women was 33.98%. The mean age of subjects was 23.64 ±4.1 and the age group of 29-30 years old had the highest frequency (75.7%). In general, the fetal factors accounted for more than 67 percent of CSs of primigravid women.

This study showed that the CS was highly prevalent among primigravid women; the fetal factors were the most important causes of CS.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease associated with disorders of the nervous system. Inflammation in the central nervous system can play a major role in the formation of AD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AD induction as well as running on positive and negative slopes on TNF-α and INF-γ gene expression in the muscle tissue of rats with AD.

In this experimental study 15 rats were injected with 8 mg/kg Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) intra- peritoneally. After being assured of AD rats were divided in three groups of 5 rats, including: 1) control, 2) running in positive slope, and 3) running in negative slope. To investigate the effects of AD induction on the TNF-α and INF-γ gene expression levels, 5 rats were assigned to the healthy control group. During eight weeks the positive running group (at a speed of 16 m/min in positive upward slope) and negative running group (at a speed of 16 m/min in negative downhill slope) ran on the treadmill for five sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. The Shapiro- Wilk test was used for investigate the normal distribution of data and one-way ANOVA with LSD post- hoc tests were used to analyze the data (P<0.05).

AD induction by TMT significantly increased TNF-α (P=0.004) and INF-γ (P=0.04), nevertheless running on positive and negative slope significantly decreased TNF-α (P=0.001) also running on negative slope significantly decreased INF-γ (P=0.04).

Running on a positive and negative slope seems to improve TNF-α gene expression in rats with AD.

Various microorganisms are involving in oral infections. Antimicrobial agents used against oral pathogens have side effects and can caused drug resistance. Eucalyptus is one of the most widely used plant with antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) essential oil on dental caries pathogens includes Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Actinomyces viscosus (A. viscosus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans).

In this study, E. camaldulensis essential oil was prepared and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods on stablished terminology strains of C. albicans, S. mutans, L. rhamnosus and A. viscosus. Moreover, chemical composition of E. camaldulensis essential oil was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method.

Our results showed that the most antibacterial activity of E. camaldulensis essential oil was related to L. rhamnosus, A. viscosus, and S. mutans. Also, E. camaldulensis essential oil showed an appropriate antifungal activity against C. albicans. The dominant chemical composition of E. camaldulensis essential oil was 1,8-cineole (36.62%).

In general, E. camaldulensis essential oil has an appropriate antifungal and antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. Therefore, it can be use in pharmaceutical industry to produce antimicrobial agents against dental caries and oral infectious diseases.

Parkinson's disease is caused by damage to the nervous system. Oleuropein and exercise have protective effects on the nervous system. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of oleuropein and swimming practice on motor disorder induced by 6-hydroxydopamine toxin in mature male rats.

In this experimental study, 40 rats were divided into control, Parkinson's, swimming practice (five sessions per week and 30 minutes per session), oleuropein (20mg/kg), and combined swimming practice and oleuropein groups. Parkinson's disease was induced by injection of 8μg 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxin (6-OHDA) in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the left brain of the rats. At the end of the administration period, catalepsy, step length, muscle stiffness, and motor coordination were measured using the rotarod test to assess motor disorders.

Four weeks of oleuropein administration, four weeks of swimming practice, and four weeks of combined swimming practice and oleuropein use significantly improved the motor disorders induced by 6-OHDA administration. Moreover, four weeks of swimming practice and oleuropein showed a significant increase in motor balance test and a significant decrease in the rotarod test respectively compared to the administration of oleuropein (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the swimming practice group.

The effects of swimming exercise, which is a high activity physical activity, were more tangible than those of oleuropein and did not show a significant difference with co-administration of oleuropein and swimming exercise, so it can be considered as an effective treatment for preventing the multiple complications of Parkinson's disease.

 Recently, atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma has been used as a new method for decontamination of medicinal plants. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of atmospheric pressure floating-electrode dielectric-barrier discharge (FE-DBD) on Nigella sativa (N. sativa) which has many therapeutic properties.

 N. sativa seeds were exposed to atmospheric pressure FE-DBD plasma for 15, 30 and 40 min. and total microbial counting of the seeds was performed. Antioxidant activity and total phenol were measured to evaluate the chemical properties changes of N. sativa seeds under the exposure of plasma. Fatty acid analysis of the extracted oil from N. sativa was determined using gas-liquid chromatography in this research before and after the exposure to cold plasma.

 The results showed that the density of microorganisms significantly decreased at all three exposure times compared to the control (P˂0.05) and eliminate total microorganisms at 40 min of exposure. There was no significant change in the amount of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity before and after plasma exposure. Linoleic acid and oleic acid were decreased under the exposure of FE-DBD plasma for 40 min which indicate that cold plasma can lead to the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids were significantly decreased (P˂0.05).   

 In conclusion, exposure of cumin seeds to FE-DBD plasma can effectively reduce or eliminate microorganisms. On the other hand, cold plasma treatment brings about some biochemical changes. Total phenol content increased and antioxidant activity was decreased slightly. The unsaturated fatty acid contents of black cumin seeds samples decreased with FE-DBD plasma exposure at effective time for decontamination.