Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 4, Autumn 2019

The application of synthetic antimicrobial and antifungal compounds is reducing in the last decades in the food and nutrition fields owing to their various side effects and increasing interest of consumers to eat natural foodstuffs without artificial constituents. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) has numerous medicinal properties, including analgesic, antiseptic, stimulants, carminative, and natural antihelminitic. The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of clove essential oil (CEO) under in-vitro condition. Antioxidant property of nanoemulsion of CEO was evaluated in terms of radical scavenging ability against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Antibacterial and antifungal effects of nanoemulsion of CEO were evaluated using agar disk diffusion assay. Antioxidant property of CEO was found to be 92.45 ± 5.49%. Based on our findings, the food-borne pathogens were shown the highest sensitivity to the CEO (inhibition zone = 5.12-14.34 mm), followed by the probiotic microorganisms (inhibition zone = 2.57-4.44 mm), and fungi (inhibition zone = 2.13-3.19 mm), respectively. The results of the present study indicated that nanoemulsion of CEO has good antimicrobial and antioxidant properties under in-vitro condition.

Magnetic nanoparticles have been highly regarded because of their unique properties, such as hyperthermia, medicine control release, and diagnostic applications. The main aim of the current paper is to offer a new system for the modification of Fe3O4 (SPIONs) superparamagnetic nanoparticles physically and chemically with polymers through physical retention. These modified nanoparticles have been used to encapsulate cisplatin as an anticancer medicine and the effect of nanocapsulated cisplatin has been studied in lung cancer (A549) cell line. Using ring-opening polymerization Triblock copolymer PCL-PEG-PCL was prepared of ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Magnetic iron nanoparticles were also prepared and identified. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the bulk features of the copolymers were determined. Nanoparticles loaded with Cisplatin have been ready using the copolymer containing iron superparamagnetic nanoparticles via double emulsion solvent evaporation method and evaluated for medicine entrapment efficiency (%), the quantity of medicine, size, and surface morphology. Cytotoxic tests have been considered using the MTT assay method in lung carcinoma (A549)-treated cells. The results of the study demonstrated that nanocapsulated cisplatin had a significant cytotoxic and anticancer effect in vitro of the lung cancer cell line and it can be concluded that this approach has the ability to fail some of the main chemotherapy constraints and can be an appropriate approach for future programs in the treatment of lung cancer.

The aim of this study was designing and preparing the chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) loading with snake (Vipera albicornuta) venom as well as evaluating the influence of different factors on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of venom. The morphologies and characteristics of CS-NPs were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. CS-NPs were fabricated based on the ionic gelation method of Tripolyphosphate (TPP) and Chitosan (CS). The results showed smooth surface, spherical shape by SEM. The particle size of loaded nanoparticle was 187 nm and zeta potential was found to be 46.7 mV. Optimum concentration obtained 400 µg/ml for loading of venom, which leads to LC 86% and EE 94%. The structure study of particles demonstrated bond between venom and CS. Based on the results of the study, It can be concluded that the vipera albicornuta venom loaded CS-NPs may be used as a new antigen delivery system.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPS) have potential different applications in nanomedicine. These new applications of IONPS have raised exposure risk of this nanomaterials to humans. Up to now, all aspects of IONPS toxicity are not fully clear following animal’s exposure with these novel compounds. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity effects of IONPS in laboratory animals regarding pathotoxicological analysis and clinical aspects. Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomly chosen, and divided into four groups of six rats each. The first, second, and the third groups received 50, 500, and 5000 mg/kg of IONPS solution orally for five days through gavage, respectively. Animal mortality, clinical sings and body weight were evaluated during the study. Fourteen days after the last administration, rats were euthanized for further investigation for histopathological evaluation. There were no death observed in all groups. High and middle dose of the IONPS caused symptoms like lethargy, ataxia, anorexia, isolation, and respiratory arrhythmia over the period of the study. The subjects of the low dose group showed no signs of toxicity. Specific histopathological complications, like hyaline cast in the kidneys, hyperemia and interstitial thickening in the lungs, hemorrhage in the heart and hepatic degeneration in the liver were observed in high dose group. Thus, it can be concluded that, toxicity of IONPS in rats is dose-dependent. This particular size of IONPS can induce serious pathological abnormalities and clinical symptoms in high dose.

Hyalomma spp. is responsible for transmission of protozoan, bacterial, rickettsial and viral diseases in humans and animals. Recently, there was a wide number of promising attempts to evaluate and use of nanoparticles for the control of ticks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) size 15 nm against Hyalomma spp. in vitro. The arcaricidal activity of Zn NPs were evaluated at concentrations of 50, 125 and 250 mg/ml and controls (distilled water and Cypermethrin) following 10, 30 and 60 min of exposure in triplicate and the experiments were performed two spraying and contact methods. The results of this study showed that all concentrations of Zn NPs had acaricidal activity and concentration of 125 mg/ml at exposure time of 30 min and concentration of 250 mg/ml at all exposure times had highest acaricidal effect (100%). The median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 50 mg/ml in 60 min and (LC99) values were 150 mg/ml in 30 min for Hyalomma spp.. The results showed that the spray method was more effective than the contact method. The findings of present study showed that Zn NPs had potent acaricidal effect and recommended as an effective acaricidal agent. However, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this nanoparticle.

Exosomes are endogenous nanovesicles act as intercellular communication tools which have been considered to utilize as drug delivery systems. As transporting therapeutic molecules into brain has obstacles, preparing exosomes which have the potential to pass through its barriers is great challenge.

Exosomes isolated from cell culture media of U87 glioblastoma cells were characterized. In the next step, paclitaxel (PTX) was loaded into them to investigate the cytotoxicity of this formulation on two cell line of glioblastoma, U87 and T98G. Pharmaceutical characterizations such as size analysis, PTX encapsulation efficiency and FESEM/TEM imaging of exosomes were also evaluated.

CD9 as a biomarker of exosomes was detected in extracted samples to confirm the presence of exosomes.Size analysis and electron microscopy imaging proved nano-range of isolated and drug loaded exosomes. The cytotoxicity of empty exosomes of U87 cells was different on U87 and T98 cells. Exosomes diminished cell viability in U87 cells compared with control group while in T98 cell line they didn’t have any effect on cell viability after 24 or 48 h time intervals. The cytotoxicity of drug loaded exosomes was different at two time intervals where PTX loaded exosomes had no effect or 30 % cell viability decrease on T98 cells after 24 and 48 h, respectively.

Increased cytotoxicity of PTX after entrapment into exosomes and BBB transport capability of exosomes promises an appropriate brain drug delivery system for in vivo characterization in GBM animal model.

The aim of this research was to develop a simple, selective and sensitive aptasensor for detection of Pb2+ based on hairpin structure of complementary strand (CS) of aptamer (Apt). Screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was electrodeposited by gold nanoparticles to be used as the substrate for the immobilization of Apt-CS. Moreover, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and thionine were added to increase the sensitivity of the aptasensor. The morphology of SPCE and AuNPs modified SPCE was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM results showed that the AuNPs were homogeneously distributed on the surface of SPCE. The electrochemical performance of aptasensor was evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements. The electrochemical results indicated that peak current due to the hairpin structure formation of CS decreased in the presence of Pb2+. However, in the absence of Pb2+, peak current was enhanced because of the combination of thionine/AuNPs-CS. The designed aptasensor showed a high selectivity toward Pb2+, wide linear range (1-40 nM), low detection limit (374 pM), acceptable reproducibility and good long-term stability.

Based on our previous studies about nano-ZnO effects on physiological behaviors, in this study we have investigated the effects of anxiolytic doses of nano-ZnO on electrocardiogram (ECG) sings changes in the restraint and non-restraint ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Animals (160-180 g) were divided into: control (non-OVX + saline) and OVX groups that received: saline, nano-ZnO 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, stress of 90 or 180 min + saline and stress of 180 min+ nano-ZnO 2.5 mg/kg. Anxiety-like behaviors were measured by the elevated plus maze (EPM) and hole board apparatus thirty min after intraperitoneally injections or stress induction. ECG parameters and serum zinc level were measured in all groups. Ovariectomy induced anxiety and restraint stress in OVX rats increased it in the hole board test. Nano-ZnO 2.5 and 5 mg/kg improved anxiety-like behaviors in the EPM test. Nano-ZnO 2.5 mg/kg improved anxiety induced by the restraint stress in the hole board test. Nano-ZnO increased zinc level in a dose-dependent manner in the non-restraint OVX groups. Nano-ZnO 1 mg/kg decreased QRS amplitude and all doses decreased QT interval to the level of non-OVX group. Nano-ZnO 5 mg/kg decreased QTc to the level of non-OVX group. Stress of 90 min increased QT interval while stress of 180 min decreased it. Nano-ZnO after stress induction could alleviate heart rate, R-R- interval and QRS interval to the level of non-OVX group. It seems that nano-ZnO rather than could improve anxiety, alleviated ECG parameters in the restraint and non-restraint OVX rats.