فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 45 (پاییز 1398)

The study is first to introduce the species of the identity and then examine the effects of the Internet on it. To achieve the goal, a quantitative-qualitative mix method was used and focused on young people aged 18-30 years in Tehran in 2018.  In fact, exploratory qualitative method was used to introduce the species of identities among the youths in Tehran. A sample was selected by 42 people and the identity questionnaire was "Who am I". After open, pivotal and selective coding, six types of identities were introduced, including national identity, ethnic identity, communicative identity, ideological identity, religious identity and modern identity. In fact, after introducing these types of identity, a quantitative survey method was applied to examine their effect on the Internet use. Using the Cochran formula and based on cluster sampling, 524 people were selected among Tehranian youth aged 18 to 30 years. After data collection, analysis was done based on Spss and Lisrel. The findings indicated that only 12% of young people either do not use the Internet completely or if they use less than an hour a day. Only 16 percent search on weblogs and websites, while 83 percent are in the telegram. The findings also indicated that the Internet has had a meaningful effect on national identity, ethnic, modern and communication identity, but the Internet has not had any effect on religious identity and ideological identity.

The study is to explore the political participation and attendance among the young people in Yazd city. For this purpose, interviews were carried out using a qualitative method based on the interpretive approach. In the design of methodology, the ground theory was used, which was analyzed by Strauss and Corbin's objectivist approach. The target population of the study were youth in Yazd city who were selected by purposive sampling method and extracted information through in-depth interviews. According to the results, in addition to the causal conditions (lack of awareness and political opinion, feeling of inefficiency), contextual conditions (feeling of insecurity, propaganda pressure), and intervening conditions (stopping in private, refusing the party label), the emergence of the phenomenon of "quietness and political despair " that, the translation of the indifference of the targeted community towards political issues and activities, it has been a manifestation of the ignorance of structure and the demands of its perpetrators. This phenomenon has led to the selection of strategies (the separation of political action and attitudes, the passivity of protest), and eventually the consequences (the sense of disappointment and disability in the political area, cold participation in elections) have been among these young people.

Regarding the young population of the country, measuring the attitudes and developments of young people in the reference groups is a matter of serious concern to policymakers and decision-makers in the system. In order to study the changes and developments, using national surveys conducted during the years 1386 to 1395 in this research, the items that could have influenced the study of this concept were extracted. Then, the trend of youth changes during this time interval is set through matching the measures. The concept of reference groups was categorized in a variety of categories, and the terms representing each of these categories were extracted, and the process of youth change was drawn in this direction. The research methodology is a secondary analysis that compares the results of the national researches, which holds the same statistical population of the same sampling method with similar ones. The results of the research showed that the young generation does not define itself in the framework of the norms of the past, and their values and attitudes have changed in some areas; however, the family has a fundamental role for young people, and the influential people in Young people's modeling is mainly within the family, especially the parents.

Marriage's values and attitudes in Iran are significantly changing. Understanding and explaining of these changes requires taking into account the role of cultural forces in combination with or in opposition to structural forces. The article is to examine the effects of cultural factors on the attitude toward marriage and family. Data was collected using cross-sectional survey and multi-stage sampling among young people in Tehran city. The findings showed that about one-fifth of respondents have a modern orientation toward marriage and family formation. The findings also indicated that socio-cultural changes have led to changes in the values and norms of marriage and family formation. Multivariate analysis revealed that with increasing in individualism, gender egalitarian, secularism, and exposure to transnational media (satellite and Internet), the traditional attitude toward marriage decreased and, on the other hand, modern attitude to marriage increased. Thus, considering the changes in the cultural components of society, modern values and new forms of marriage and family formation are expected to increase in Iran.

The initial question of this article is what the reasons of youth increasing tendency for living alone are? To answer the question, a mixed of two methods, Grounded Theory and Netnography, have been designed simultaneously implemented in this research. The way of data collecting in grounded theory is through semi-structured interviews and in netnography is via the qualitative content analysis of lonely people’s diary. The research participants have been chosen through purposeful sampling and netnography’s applied cyberspace users who shared their solitude experiences and diary reports in tweeter. The research findings showed that structural, family, socio-economic and interactive fields arising out of modern period are the most important reasons of choosing being alone as a life style. The result of this research showed that we have been faced with a wide range of solitude which can be divided into four categories: selective, compulsory, sudden and imposed. Communicative fears, low willingness to engage with relatives and different types of isolation including: social, physical, sexual, verbal, spatial and locative are among the important effects of experiencing living alone. They are exposed to stigma in social site and to retain their privacy, they use spatial segregation and Conciliation.

Youth policy making and management is always complex and difficult. Young people are considered as human capital of a community. Given the rapid changes in society, the need for research and recognition of their present status are of great importance. Cohabitation is one of the issues that have recently been seen among young people, and due to the cultural and social contradictions of this style of life with the conditions of Iranian society, the causation and study of the subject were defined as a research. This research was conducted using grounded theory and in-depth interviews with ten young people in the city. The findings showed that the circumstances of the young people's tendency toward cohabitation (white marriage) include changing their attitudes toward marriage and family values, the primacy of sexual maturity on social maturity and concern of the future and the most important areas of cohabitation tendency include family backgrounds, unsuccessful experiences with the opposite sex and the weakness of religious beliefs, media and membership in friendships experienced in marriage. Interfering conditions for young people's tendency toward cohabitation (white marriage) has been identified and justifies the strategy of young people versus choosing this lifestyle: the blame for family and community and the ineffectiveness of knowing formal and informal norms. Most contributors to the study reduce the implications of the tendency to marry, losing marriage opportunities, reducing social capital and exposure to Physical and spiritual illnesses.

Today, the sport of athletics and professional in the world is a major part of the sports industry. It is of a great impact on the development of countries economically, socially and culturally. Therefore, this research was conducted to designe the paradigmatic pattern of Iran's Athletics and Professional Sport Development. This study has a qualitative approach and we used the grounded theory as a research method. For gathering data, we studied high level documents and we interviewed with 19 experts who were aware of this subject. The validity of this research was examined and approved by the interviewers and then expert professors. The reliability of it is %82 which was obtained by using the methodology of the auditing result process. For data analysis, we used the continuous comparison method in three stages: open, axial and selective coding. Based on the results of the study of high handwritten document and in depth interviews, executive commitment factors, reform of government-oriented structural, commercialization, privatization, Professional foundation factors, Economic, technological, cultural and political factors, infrastructure upgrading and development of standard sport spaces, designing talent system and the establishment of a model for the development of athletics and professional sport were identified as nine effective components and extracted in the development of Iranian athletics and professional sport. The results of this study showed that it is undeniable necessity that the formation of a bargaining committee with the government, the parliament and the IRIB Organization as the most important component of the income generation of athletics and professional sports. It also seems that the management of the athletics and professional sport in Iran is very complex. It requires a comprehensive model that all factors such as economic and political factors (macro factor), infrastructure upgrading and the talent system (middle factor) and executive commitment (individual factor).

Environmental concerns have led organizations to pay attention to green management. Human resource management plays an important role in green management and therefore, human resource management should be considered as a management priority. The research is to study the application of Green Human Resources Management in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The research is descriptive and based on practical purpose. The statistical population included all experts in the Ministry of Sports and Youth which is approximately 400 people. A sample of 220 people was selected based on Morgan's table. The data collection tool was Ahmad Brujerdi (1395) Green Human Resource Management questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by a survey of sports management and human resources management professors after the reforms, and its reliability was 0.86 through Cronbach's alpha test. One-sample t-test and Friedman test were used for data analysis. The results of single-sample t-test showed that the implementation of green education and development components, green relations and Green socialization is more than average and other components of green human resources management are less than average. The results of Friedman test showed that the greatest attention was paid to green education and development and the at least attention paid to green selection and employment.

In the last century, football has become a major player in cultural, social, economic and, more importantly, political and international exchanges. As this sport affects beliefs, attitudes and practices, and as one of the factors contributing to the formation of internal and external policies and relationships, it can carry out numerous social, economic, cultural and diplomatic functions and has made a lot of change in countries. As a result, sports and sport activities have gone beyond physical activity or entertainment, and have achieved various social, cultural, economic, political and international goals and functions. Analysis of theories and research found that among the various phenomena, football as one of the examples of relations between countries has been able to place a special place among the programs of developing countries to express their own society demands to the world. The political, social, economic, and cultural functions of football, and its effects and effects on the level of interactions between states and others, international actors, have the potential to be theorized and conceptualized. Based on the findings of this study, the specifics and functions of football diplomacy can be seen as strengthening national identity as a means of development, peace and reconciliation tools, a tool for altruism and improving relations, a soft power tool, a tool for convergence and dialogue in the national and international dimension of countries. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method and the method of data collection is based on documentary and library and comparative study.

Today, tourism with the sport industry has been greatly matched. With the advent of modern knowledge, this relationship has become widespread and has created a dynamic and powerful industry around the world. Since this industry is one of the most profitable and high value added industries, obviously, policymakers at the macro level of sport of countries are interested in the scientific and continuous attention to this industry- especially in areas that have the potential for the tourism industry. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of information technology on sustainable development of sport tourism in Iran, taking into account the intermediary variables such as human resource management and organizational entrepreneurship in Iran. This research was applied in terms of correlation method and in terms of collecting data. The statistical population consisted of the sports experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth and tourism experts of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization- a total of 242 experts. In this research, the questionnaire on sustainable development of sport tourism, organizational entrepreneurship, information and communication technology and human resource management as a tool for data collection was used after validation, stability and reliability. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, standard deviation and inferential statistics) were used to categorize raw data and Kolmogorov Smirnov tests and Pearson correlation coefficients for examining hypotheses using SPSS software. The results of research hypotheses showed that there is a significant relationship between information technology and sustainable development of sport tourism. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational entrepreneurship, human resource management and sustainable tourism development.

The study is to investigate the synergistic effect of inter-organizational sports federations with the approach of improving the performance of sport in the country based on dashboard model. This research is a causal relationship research based on the structural equation model (structural model, path analysis). This research, in terms of purpose, is applicable. The statistical population was the managers of sports federations of the country. In this research, the sample was determined equal to the total population of the research. The main instrument for measuring the research includes two questionnaires of synergy management and organizational performance questionnaire (Sung, 2008) with structural validity through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability of Organizational Performance Improvement Questionnaire (0.89), and management co-operation questionnaire (0.86) using coefficient Cronbach's alpha was determined. Data analysis of this research was performed using Smart PLS software. Findings of the research showed that effects of direct synergy management components such as "trust, participation, interaction and collaboration, facilitation, cognition and network" on improving the performance of the country's sport were positive and significant. Therefore, managers of sports federations, with the development of managerial synergy, especially the deployment and use of innovative management dashboards with a continuous assessment and monitoring of their activities and performance and other sports federations, can provide a clear perspective and a clear horizon for the sport of the country.

Regarding to changing and complicated aspects of championship environment, the strategic plans are of important priority in sport organizations and federations. The study is to codify the strategic plan of Iran’s Table Tennis Federation using A’WOT approach. Therefore, this research was applicable that used Mix method with strategic studies procedures. In this research, we write the strategies of federation using strategic council opinions, studying documents and applying common strategic matrixes. The members of strategic council were 27 representatives from key stakeholders of federation, such as board members, media, athletes, employees and so on. For scanning the internal environment, resources and duties were studied and for external environment, PESTLE scan and Five Porter elements have been used and then using IFE and EFE matrixes, the defensive strategic situation have been recognized. After that by TOWS matrix, members codified 4 SO, 1 ST, 3Wo and 4 WT strategies and finally using AHP, the Key Performances Areas (KPAs) have been prioritized and also the strategies of each area. First strategy was reinforcement the international relationship by foreign coaches, leagues and clubs and second was to make research-based all processes and activities of the federation.

The study is to conceptualize the instrument of determining the indices of sport affecting the brand of the country. The statistical population of this study was elite sports management, including faculty members, heads of sports federations, as well as selected directors and expert experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth (N=400). Based on the Morgan table, 144 people were randomly selected as samples. The instrument for measuring the questionnaire was 50 questionnaires that affected the brand of the country. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the professors of sport management. Descriptive indexes were used to describe the data. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability, test (KMO) and Bartlett's sprite to determine the adequacy of sampling and confirmatory factor analysis for determining the structural validity in SPSS and LISREL software. The research findings indicated a reliability of 0/0944 for the questionnaire. Regarding the construct validity, 50 questions had a significant relationship with the factors. X2/df (1.90), RMSAE = 0.772, NFI = 0.91, NNFI =0. 90, CFI= 0.94, GFI= 0.94, AGFI=0.92 fit the questionnaire was approved. Also, regarding the relationship of factors with the brand concept of the country, the results showed that all factors could be a good predictor for this concept. As a result, the internal and external validity of the questionnaire of determining the indices of sport affecting the brand of the country was confirmed.

The study is to identify and investigate the marketing and revenue generating methods of the sport boards of Markazi province. Therefore, in a descriptive-applied survey, the statistical population of the study included all the presedents and vice presedents of the Sports boards in the Markazi province and managers and experts of the sport and youth general administration (N=118). The sample was considered as a census, due to the limited number and probability of not returning some of the questionnaires. Finally, 84 completed questionnaires were evaluated. Measurement tool in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire due to lack of standard questionnaire. The content validity of the measurement tool was confirmed by 12 university professors and experts and also the reliability of the questionnaire was reported using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.88. For data analysis, Friedman test, T single sample, Chi-square and exploratory factor analysis were used by SPSS software. The results showed that marketing and capital marketing methods in the sports departments of the Markazi province included six methods including stakeholder method, event-based method, environment-based method, virtual-based method, product-based method, method-based approach Business has been. In terms of categorization of marketing methods and attracting funds and ranking them, stakeholders-based solutions with the average rating of 4/27 had the most importance and business-based solutions with a mean score of 2/53 had the least importance.

The study is to develope a strategic model for customer loyalty to Iranian Sportswear brands. The research method is qualitative and based on content analysis approach. The statistical population consisted of experts, sports marketing professors, and sports apparel manufacturers. The sampling was done using purposive approach based on theoretical approach. Data collection continued until theoretical data saturation and 20 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. The coding process was performed in three stages: open, axial and selective and finally the design of the themes was discussed. A total of 179 primary codes were generated. Then, due to the multiplicity of codes, all similar codes were assigned to their specific group based on conceptual and semantic affinities, reduced to 28 subcategories and finally to the secondary open codes, seven main categories including name business, product quality, price, design and fashion, store environment, advertising and promotion and quality of service. In the next step, in order to establish the relationship between the concepts produced in the coding phase and the components, the software was entered into the MAXQDA software environment and finally the final model was presented. According to the findings, it can be concluded that Iranian clothing manufacturers can increase their loyalty by focusing on identified factors of customer loyalty.

The study is to investigate the effect of eight sessions of stress inoculation training on reducing anxiety before the competition in adolescent boys. The research method was semi experimental with pretest-posttest design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all adolescents from 19 to 14 years old O Sport’s athletes in the city of Shahrood in 2018. Based on the number of registered in the survey, 63 were present. Athletes were evaluated by Competitive Situation Anxiety (Martens et al., 1995) and 30 subjects with the highest anxiety were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (inoculation). The data were analyzed by independent t-test and dependent t-test. Experimental group was subjected to an independent variable (stress inoculation training) over a period of 8 weeks, during 8 sessions, 1.5 hours, and then tested with competitive anxiety scale-Martens et al. (1995). Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the revised questionnaire was taken by Mehrsfar et al. (2016). The results showed that stress inoculation training effect on reducing anxiety before the competition (P> 0.05). It seems that inoculation training can be effective in reducing anxiety by controlling the physiological arousal of the person in raising performance, especially during the competition.