مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

The goal of this research is to measure the effectiveness of Blended Teaching Method of Face to Face and virtual PCIT based on Eyberg’s approach on the relationship between the mother and her child with behavioral disorders, The Tehran preschool children. This research was a semi experimental with the post test and pretest pattern on 30 mothers of preschool children with behavioral disorders (15 mothers in experiment group and 15 mothers in control group).  They were selected through convenience sampling method. They were divided to two equally separate groups (one as experiment group and the other as control group). Experimental group received PCIT during 14 sessions while the control group did not recieve that program. The instrument of present research was parent child relationship scale (PCRS) of Piyanta (1994).  For analysis, independent t-test and covariance analysis were used. Our findings showed that face to face and virtual PCIT based on Eyberg’s approach to behavioral disorders of preschool children, had a meaningful effect on challenge, dependence, closeness and positive relationship. The general model of the results indicated that this program is effective in improving  relationship between the mother and her child,  and could be used as a model of cure in preschools.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of Belongingness Orientation scale (Lavigne et al, 2011). The research method of this study was correlation and test validation. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of Birjand University (6657 girls and 5691 boys). A total of 292 people (147 women, 145 men) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed Belongingness Orientation Scale (BOS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS-IDL) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory and intergroup factor analysis, and multiple regression using SPSS.16, and Amos.20 software. Results showed that the structure of two factors that explain 54.34% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this structure. The factor structure of the scale was invariant by gender. The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and split-half coefficients. Predictive validity in relation to subjective vitality and psychological distress was confirmed. In general, it can be concluded that the belongingness orientation scale has a good validity and reliability in students and can be used as a precise instrument in this regard.

The aim of this study was to explore scientific thinking beyond the literature of scientific thinking and to study its enhancement in preschool children. Scientific thinking is a kind of thinking related to cognitive psychology and it often occurs in people's mind rather than being a phenomenon in the environment. Given the significant impact of preschool period on children's thinking development and subsequent academic achievement, it is important to consider teaching scientific thinking in preschool education. Based on investigating available resources, the educational package for the improvement of scientific thinking was designed. The method for teaching thinking was planned in the form of semi-experimental study and single subject intervention sessions. Accordingly, as a pilot study, a sample including 4 subjects (2 girls and 2 boys) was selected through convenience sampling and trained in scientific thinking during eight sessions. Children were actively involved in the learning process and their response to each training session was evaluated individually. The results of this study indicated that teaching the scientific thinking can help learners to resolve the issues through scientific thinking. It is suggested that in order to validate the designed package of scientific thinking education, its effectiveness on other cognitive skills of preschool children be examined.

The aim of this study was to compare the power of ongoing oscillatory activity by using electroencephalography (EEG) between patients with IBS and healthy individuals. The present study was a basic-applied research and regarding the comparison of variables between IBS and healthy group, the study was designed as casual-comparative. The statistical population included patients with IBS who were referred to digestive clinic of Shariati hospital and Masoud digestive clinic in Tehran from 2015-2019. 11 IBS patients (7 female and 4 male) and 11 healthy (7 female and 4 male), gender and age-matched, were selected and brain oscillations were recorded by a 64-channel EEG at rest in eye-closed condition. Oscillations were analyzed by fast Fourier transform and independent t test. The results of power spectrum analysis showed that the IBS patients had augmented theta (4-8 Hz) power in all channels (p<0/05). Increased theta power in IBS patients may contribute to chronic pain or represent the outcome of symptoms.

The present study assessed the impact of couples coping enhancement training (CCET) on dyadic adjustment and marital coping strategies. The method of the study is a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group. The parents of grade school students in Kelachay city in Gilan province, comprised the participants of this study which included 14 couples who were chosen and were randomly organized into two groups (an experimental and a control group). Questionnaires used in this study were Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and Bowman's Marital Coping Inventory (MCI) and the intervention method was the Couple Coping Strength Training (CCET) program, which was trained in eight sessions of two hours and 15 minutes. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS21 software. Results showed that CCET results in an increase in marital adjustment scores and its dimensions including marital satisfaction, consensus, cohesion and affection expression (p <0.01). CEET program also led to a decrease in coping scores and its dimensions including conflict, self-blame, self-interest, avoidance and increasing of effective coping (p <0.05) as components of marital coping strategies. Results of follow-up showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups after two months. Regarding our findings it can be concluded that couples in coping with stressful life events rarely apply marital conflict, self-blame, self-interest, avoidance and they often use effective coping and efficient communication that lead to higher marital satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cognitive reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in the Persian-speaking adult population. The CRIq was translated and back translated into Farsi. Then, its psychometric properties were assessed. The research sample was selected by multistage random sampling from the adult community of Tehran. Data related to 385 individuals (212 females and 173 males) were analyzed. The results of the statistical analysis of the reliability of the questionnaire showed that the tool has good test-retest reliability (males: 0.87, females: 0.89) and internal consistency based on Cronbach alpha coefficient (males: α= 0.76, females: α= 0.79). The construct validity and convergent validity of the questionnaire were assessed. The results showed a high convergent validity of the questionnaire (0.74) (p <.01). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed three factors of educational, occupational and leisure time cognitive reserve. The results showed that the CRIq has good validity and validity in the Iranian sample and can be used as a useful tool for measuring cognitive processes in adults.

The purpose of this study was to test the suitability of the proposed model for the causal relationship between fear of self-compassion and fear of happiness with binge eating disorder through the mediation of positive and negative affect in students. The statistical population included 756 people (532 girls, 224 boys) from the students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the academic year 2017-2018. The sample included 180 people (125 girls, 55 boys). The instruments used were Fear of Compassion scale Gilbert et al. (FCS), Fear of happiness scale Joshanloo (FOH), Positive and Negative Affect Scale Watson et al. (PANAS) and Garner & Garfnickel's Eating Feedback Questionnaire (EFQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software version 24. Our results indicated a direct relation between fear of self-compassion and fear of happiness and positive and negative emotions as well as positive and negative affects which were significant and meaningful for binge eating disorder. In addition, the indirect relation of fear of self-compassion and fear of happiness with binge eating disorder through positive and negative affects mediation were significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that reducing the fear of happiness and fear of self-compassion, which lead to an increase in positive affects, and reduction in negative affects can help people to reduce mental disorders, such as binge eating disorder.

The purpose of this study was to identify the emotional and social consequences of the Nature School. This was a qualitative research and the method was phenomenology. Participants in this study included the parents of the students of the School of nature in Mashhad who were selected by purposive sampling method. Data acquisition tool in this research was a qualitative interview, specifically, semi-structured interview with open and standardized questions. Data were analyzed and classified according to Strauss and Glaser's grounded theory. The findings indicated a positive outcome of the educational experience in the school of nature with two dimensions: emotional and social. The emotional dimension consisted of four categories:how to inculcate and control emotions (fear and anger), emotional recognition (emotional self-consciousness, attention to others' feelings), interest and value for self (self-confidence, self-esteem and independence), and interest and value for nature. In the social dimension, three categories were indentified: interactions with others, solving social problems (accountability, legitimacy) and playing and reacting (reducing the tendency toward television and computer games, playing in the nature, variety in the games). Results showed the effect of the Nature School on children's emotional and social development and can be used as an effective educational strategy to facilitate emotional and social development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program based on Gottman & Glaser's integrated approach to love, respect and marital Intimacy. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population included all couples referring to health centers in Yazd(127 couples), of which 14 couples (28 persons) were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and control group. The research tools consisted of Gottman Love and Respect Scale (GLRS) and Walker & Thompson Intimacy (WTI), which were administered in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Independent variable in nine 120- minute sessions were carried out. Data were analyzed using Mancova multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that the program of Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program based on Gottman & Glaser's integrated approach , was significantly effective in improving the love, respect and Intimacy of couples (p <0.005). Therefore, the use of this program as a preventive approach to couple problems is suggested.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of parents' motivation in students' autonomous motivation for doing homework and testing a model on basis of self –determination theory. This study was a correlational study. The statistical population included 7260 students (3510 girls and 3750 boys) from the fourth grade elementary school students of Yazd public schools in the academic year 2016-2017. Participants were 230 students who were chosen through the clustering multistage sampling method. Participants completed Students' motivation for homework (SMH), Parents' motivation for help in homework (PMHH), Parents' attitudes towards homework (PAH), Parents' perceived competence (PPC) and Parents' need supportive behavior (PNSB) The results showed that the parents’ motivations in helping the children to do their homework, the parents’ viewpoints in doing the children’s homework and finally the perceived competence by the parents, can directly influence on the report of parents’ supporting of the independence. The children’s beliefs regarding parents’ independency supporting plays a mediation role between parents’ autonomous motivation, their attitude and perceived competence with students' autonomous motivation.

The purpose of this study was to compare alexithymia, negative emergency and aggression in prisoners with and without intermittent explosive disorder. The present study was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this research included all prisoners of the central prison of Rasht in 2017. The sample consisted of 150 prisoners with intermittent explosive disorder based on DSM-5 and 169 prisoners without intermittent explosive disorder who were chosen by random sampling method. Data were collected using the intermittent explosive disorder questionnaire, impulsive behavior scale, aggression questionnaire and alexithymia questionnaire. The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the average scores of the alexithymia, negative emergency and aggression in prisoners with intermittent explosive disorder were significantly that of the prisoners without intermittent explosive disorder. Regarding the presence of alexithymia, negative emergency and aggression in prisoners with intermittent explosive disorder, this finding has important implications for pathology and Treatment Planning of intermittent explosive disorder.

The purpose of this study was to development and standardize the Tehran city Self-Care Questionnaire. The research method is descriptive-exploratory and the statistical population included all the aging population in Tehran including 240 aging's (122 male 118 female) in the year 1397. A researcher-made questionnaire (ASC) was used to collect data on aging's self-care. To investigate the questionnaire’s questions principle axis factoring (PAF), with varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), content validity (quantitative and qualitative), formal validity (quantitative and qualitative), and structural validity (exploratory, confirmatory), Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Standard T scores were used. The results showed that the questionnaire designed to measure the self-care of the aging's had four factors. According to the results, four factors explain the 68.44 percentage of variance in self-care in the aging population. Each factor explains a significant amount of the total variance. (The first factor was 18.65%, the second factor was 18.54%, the third factor was 15.67% and the fourth factor was 15.56%). Based on our results, the content validity, face validity and structural validity of the designed questionnaire in the aging's are acceptable. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0.835 and for the four factors extracted Cronbach's alpha, the first factor was 0.861, the second factor 0.831, the third factor 0.871, the fourth factor 0.812. The questionnaire had a norm and standardized score based on t-score with mean of 50 SD 10.

The purpose of the study was to provide a model for explaining the game-based learning process in the courses of "organizational training" based on the problem-solving approach. Data collection was performed through document analysis techniques and observation and analyzed based on the reflection method. The opinions of educational and game experts and the researcher's self-review were used to validate the model. Also, the extracted components of the learning model based on the game with the problem-solving approach were given to ten experts who were selected by the criterion-based sampling method And their comments were applied to the presentation of the model. In the following, based on the presented model the situation of the two courses of organizational training that were held based on the game was criticized and members' review was used to validate it. The main components of this model are analysis, goal setting, motivational system development, development of learning opportunities, monitoring and evaluation, which are covered by effective learning environment, interaction, reflection and meaning adaptation. These components are implemented under an umbrella called the orbital problem.