فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of The Persian version of the Team Identity Scale. For this purpose, The statistical sample of the study was (N=820) sports fans in Iran’s Football Premier League were chosen by stratified random sampling and completed the questionnaires. The method of the research was as follows: first, with the use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translate accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaires were confirmed. second, Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of the structure of the questionnaire, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used for the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The results showed that first-order (GFI=.96; CFI=.99; RMSEA=.04; SRMR=.02) and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (GFI=.94; CFI=1.00; RMSEA=.054; SRMR=.045), and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α=. 93) of the Persian version of Team*ID scale supported 6-factor and 18-items structure of the initial questionnaire, and confirm construct validity and internal consistency of the Team*ID scale. In conclusion, it can use the Persian version of the Team*ID scale as a tool for study and evaluation of team identification of sports fans in Iran.

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been proposed to play a central role in the ventilatory acclimatization to continuous hypoxia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training in conditions of normoxia and hypoxia on erythropoietin levels and physical performance in elite endurance runners. In this semi-experimental study, 8 male endurance runners of the national team took part in the study. The training program was the same for all the subjects including continuous, interval, aerobic and resistance training. Runners participated in the training from 15 to 18 sessions a week for 11 weeks of living at altitude, training at altitude and at sea level. 1500 m performance test and blood samples in pretest (basal level of normoxia), posttest 1 (pre-hypoxia), posttest 2 (post-hypoxia) and posttest 3 (after sea level) were measured in four times. The results of the pretest (basal level of normoxia), posttest 1 (pre-hypoxia), posttest 2 (post-hypoxia) and posttest 3 (after sea level) in four measurement times showed a significant difference in the EPO and running performance among the measurement times (P=0.001). The results showed that the EPO values decreased from the beginning to the end of the experimental period (P=0.001). Also, the time of 1500 m running significantly reduced (P=0.001). Regarding the results of this study, it seems that training in hypoxia condition can have a positive effect on the improvement of performance of endurance athletes.

In the world of sports, there is a close competition between clubs in many aspects, Experienced athletes are the capital of the clubs that are always trying to keep these players. The aim of the present study was to explain the loyalty of players to the Club. This study was descriptive-analytical / survey. The statistical sample of the study was (N=250) athletes who participating in the 28th Iran's championship Volleyball super league who were selected by cluster stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire had 33 items that the reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.93 (p<0.01). The result indicated that social relationships (0.25), security of intellectual (0.2), salaries and benefits (0.15), satisfaction (0.21), perceived fairness (0.10), position of the Club (0.16), Professional development (0.15) and oneness (0.09) can lead to loyalty. the service was an essential factor to player's loyalty. Also, there was no significant difference between sexes and loyalty. Therefore, considering the high correlation of independent agents, managers can more effectively manage players to keep them for teams. According to the proposed model, managers achieve loyalty benefits as the primary source of organizational capital is possible.

Adiponectin is known as an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and anti- insulin resistance effects. The levels of this adipokine reduce in patients with metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on serum levels of adiponectin and CRP and insulin resistance in women with metabolic syndrome. 24 women with metabolic syndrome (age: 55.14±4.28 yrs, weight: 93.44±9.29 kg and BMI: 32.65±1.51 kg/m2) were randomly divided into 2 groups: aerobic exercise (n=12) and control (n=12). Aerobic exercise subjects trained for 10 weeks, 3 sessions/week with an intensity of 60-70% of maximum heart rate reserve. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. ELISA was used to measure levels of serum variables and independent and dependent t tests were used for data analysis while the level of significance was considered P≤0.05. Data analysis showed that aerobic exercise significantly increased adiponectin and HDL, and significantly reduced CRP, glucose, insulin resistance, body weight, and waist circumference (P˂0.05). However, insulin, triglycerides and mean blood pressure changes were not significant after 10 weeks of aerobic exercise (P>0.05). Aerobic exercise is associated with an increase in serum adiponectin levels and the improvement of some metabolic syndrome markers and inflammatory states in women with metabolic syndrome and it seems that adiponectin changes can be a link between adipose tissue and the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in women with metabolic syndrome.

The aim of this study was to measure strategic thinking and its five dimensions among managers in sports federations of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to Lidtka model. This research was a descriptive – survey study and a practical one. The Monavarian et al (2012) standard questionnaire was used. The statistical population included all the heads of sports federations as well as heads of committees in federation, and a sample of (n=162) was selected through random sampling. the questionnaire reliability was found  0.916 according to Cronbach’s alpha and  the questionnaire validity verified by using comments of experts in sport management and strategic management. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one sample T-test, paired sample T-test, and Friedman test were used for data analysis by applying SPSS-20 software.  The results of this study showed that the existing condition of strategic thinking is not desirable, it was also found that there is a difference between the existent and desirable condition of strategic thinking and its five dimensions among managers in the sports federation of the Islāmic Republic of Iran.

Inactivity can ultimately lead to obesity and activation of the proteolysis messenger pathways, which decreases muscle mass and skeletal muscle contractile power. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training during the period of muscular inactivity on the expressions of atrophy processes regulatory genes of soleus muscle in the trained rats. 18 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control (n = 6) and endurance training (n = 12). Endurance training rats ran on a treadmill for 6 weeks and 5 sessions per week. Then, their lower limbs were immobilized for 7 days by plaster cast method and they were divided into two groups: immobilization (n = 6) and resistance training (n = 6). Resistance training and immobilization groups performed 3 sessions of resistance training of ladder climbing with hands in 3 sets, 5 repetitions each set. At the end of 7 days of immobilization, soleus muscle was excised and gene expressions (FoxO3a, MuRF1 and MAFbx) were measured by Real Time-PCR. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the differences and Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the significance level among the groups (P≤0.05). The results showed that resistance training significantly reduced FoxO3a (P=0.001), MuRF1 (P=0.013), MAFbx (P=0.008) compared with endurance immobilization group. Resistance training seems to prevent muscle atrophy in the immobilization period through reducing or not increasing gene expressions of FOXO, MuRF1, and MAFbx.  Resistance training is likely to be a suitable solution to reduce muscle atrophy caused by muscle immobility.

Sport tourism has been recognized as a key factor in economic and social restructuring in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to determine strategic planning for the Development of sports tourism by using combined model SWOT and VIKOR in west Azarbaijan province. The research method was analytical-descriptive and and the data collected through questionnaire by survey method. The statistical population was 70 experts from the field of tourism. vikor and swot techniques have been used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the most important strength factor was the favorable weather conditions, The most important weakness factor was the Lack of dedicated financial resources, The most important opportunity factors were favorable natural conditions and the topography and the most important threat factor was Macroeconomics relies on irrelevant revenues. Also, Weaknesses are relatively superior to strengths and The Threats from the external environment for the development of sports tourism are greater than the opportunities. Therefore, considering the defensive development of sports tourism in the province, the strategies presented can be used to eliminate weaknesses and Subsequently develop sports tourism.

There is little research on the effect of glutamine supplement in combination with carbohydrates on athletes' various blood factors. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of glutamine-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on oxidative stress, plasma cortisol and insulin after a high intensity interval training session. 20 eligible athlete students were randomly assigned to two supplement groups (each group 7 subjects) and one control group (n=6).  Experimental groups performed one session of high intensity interval training, and they received dietary supplement. Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 3 hours and 24 hours after the training to evaluate the research variables. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in plasma GSH in 3 and 24 hours after the training, and an increase in plasma TAC 24 hours after the training in the carbohydrate-glutamine group compared with the carbohydrate group. Also, there was a significant decrease in cortisol immediately and 3 hours after the training in the carbohydrate-glutamine group compared with the carbohydrate group. Regarding these findings, it seems that supplementation of glutamine in combination with carbohydrates compared with carbohydrate supplementation after a HIIT session has been able to increase the antioxidant capacity and also reduce cortisol and catabolic conditions.

It seems that sport is as an important part of development in sustainable development. The purpose of this research was the perspective of strategic spatial planning for table tennis in Esfahan province. Statistical population consisted of sports experts in Isfahan province. 78 subjects were selected by the purposive random sampling method. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods coefficient initial questionnaire and open interviews and ratings were used for data collection and analysis. The research instrument was a self-made checklist in which respondents were asked to indicate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the sport's List, while using geographic information system (GIS) to provide descriptive-analytic model, and part of the data in the software Arc - GIS analysis to investigate. The overall result of the study showed that there is an unbalanced distribution of table tennis facilities and spaces in the province, In addition, with regard to the Matrix positioning and strategic action status table tennis in Isfahan province was competitive.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate solution supplementation and pure water on interleukin 10, glucose and blood hematological indexes in male football players. 30 male football players from the Mes Club of Kerman (mean age of 17 ± 2.0) were selected and were randomly divided into 3 groups: carbohydrate intake (n=11), pure water (n=11) and control (n=8) after primary evaluations. Subjects then performed a 90-minute football match. The carbohydrate and pure water groups consumed 150 cc of their solutions (300 cc in total) in each half. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and 24 hours after the match. Simax device and Eliza Reader were used to measure blood hematological indexes (WBC, RBC, PLT, MCV, HGM, HCT) and IL-10 respectively. For statistical analysis of data, analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used at the significance level of P

One of the common ways which has been used for years and it has a significant impact on buyer`s decisions is word-of-mouth advertising. Recently the impacts of word-of-Mouth advertising on consumers` judgment and their intention to buy products has caused researchers to pay more attention to this issue and study its various aspects and effective factors. The main purpose of this research was modeling of affecting factors on word-of-mouth advertising in sports-recreational complexes. The statistical sample consisted of 145 customers of sports-recreational complexes in Rasht and SMART PLS2 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the satisfaction and loyalty of customers have a direct impact, and service quality, perceived value, and relationship quality have an indirect impact on word-of-mouth advertising. The results of this research can help the managers of sports-recreational complexes attract more customers and increase productivity by providing superior services such as offering competitive prices and improving relationship quality via keeping their promises and enhancing customer satisfaction, trust, and commitment.

Apoptosis is a highly organized and programmed process that plays a vital role in monitoring various types of non-pathological cell events; however, the effect of various sport activities with various intensities on apoptosis is still not fully identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continuous training on some apoptotic markers in the heart tissue of rats. 20 rats were randomly divided into four groups: first week control, last week control, interval training, and continuous training. Interval training was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 2- 8 intervals each session with the intensity of 85-110% of maximum sprint speed, while continuous training was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 16-40 minutes per session equal to 55-60% of maximum sprint speed. To analyze the findings, independent t test and MANOVA were employed using SPSS software (P≤0.05). The gene expression levels of Bax, Caspase 9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in continuous training and interval training groups were significantly lower than the last week control group (P≤0.05); gene expression levels of Bcl-2 in interval training group were significantly higher than the last week control group (P≤0.05). There were no significant differences in gene expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in continuous training and interval training groups (P≥0.05). It seems that interval and continuous training have the same effects on cell anti-apoptotic adaptations in the heart tissues of Sprague Dawley male rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of identification on attitude toward advertisements of celebrity athletes using Neuromarketing technique. This study was applied in terms of aims and in terms of nature was semi-experimental. The statistical population of this study included all physical education students of Tehran University and Shahid Beheshti in the academic year of 96-95 (N=1500). The sample of 300 students was selected, as a research prototype, through stratified random sampling according to Morgan table. Considering the existence of two distinct categories in this study, the final sample selected for brain scan was 30 students. The instruments of this study included: Cohen and Press (2003) scale and the G-tek Austrian Electroencephalographic device. The overall model used to conduct this study was composed of several main stages. The first stage was distributing the questionnaire among the primary samples; the second step was to select the final sample by analyzing the questionnaires; third, observe and record the brain waves of the final samples before ad and the fourth stage, advertising clip play backed and recorded their brain waves while viewing the ad. The results of this study indicate that the identification has a positive impact on changing attitudes towards the advertising of sports celebrities. Other results showed that the high identification group at T3 and low identification group at Fz had more activity than other areas.