نشریه گردشگری شهری
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

Urban tourism in order to maximize attain to inbound tourismon the one hand and increase their durability on the other hand needs to prerequisites. Among the most important of these prerequisites is the existence of tourist attractions as well as a variety of residential centers. In addition to the presence of these centers in cities, the location, space distribution and direction of distribution are important for them, which need to be studied.  Therefore, this study analyzing the spatial distribution of residential centers including hotels, guesthouses and passenger housing along with the tourist attractions of Rasht. The research method is descriptive-analytic. For analyzing the findings, the Average nearest neighbor, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, Mean centre and standard deviational ellipse method have been used. The results of the research indicate that, based on the average nearest neighbor, the distribution pattern of residential units in general and passenger housing is clustered and the distribution of hotels is dispersed. Also, based on multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, distribution of tourist attractions is cluster, passenger housing is cluster and hotels and guesthouses are dispersed in Rasht. Also, in the case of residential centers to consider Similarly, the distribution is northeast / south-east. In general, the need for coordinated development of residential centers in Rasht is quite tangible. It seems that the custodians of residential centers in Rasht need to develop a coordinated and predetermined plan for the development of such centers.

Events have been increasingly considered as an important parts and production of tourism and it is also regarded as the solution for rejuvenation of tourism destination and attraction of tourists. In the same vein, recognizing the process through which an event could play significant role in the tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty is vital. This research aims to identify and evaluate the role of factors affecting the tourists’ loyalty for local-cultural events in Ramsar tourism destination. The research was applied and descriptive, in terms of correlation based on structural equation modeling according to partial least squares method. Population of study consisted of Iranian tourists visiting the local-cultural events in Ramsar. The sample size was 400 people and the method of Sampling was the simple random. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS25 and SmartPLS2 software packages. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.889). The confirmatory factor analysis was used to ensure the reliability of the measurement models. The goodness of fit for the model was equal to (GOF= 0.364) which indicated a great validity of the research model. Based on findings, except for first hypothesis (impact of authenticity of events on quality), eighth hypothesis (impact of quality of events on value) and eleventh hypothesis (impact of quality of events on trust), other hypothesises were confirmed. It was determined that the relevant variables play an important role in loyalty to local-cultural events of Ramsar destination. According to the analysis, the results and suggestions were presented.

This study describes the role of tourism on the quality of life for residents of the city of Tabriz based on a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) that represents a direct connection between the impact of tourism, the realm of life and the quality of life for residents. LISREL and SPSS software are applied in this research. This research is applied and analytic and questionnaires are used for data collection. The statistical society is, the residents of over 15 years old of Tabriz. Cochran method is used for sample size determination and Choronbach alpha has tested the validity and reliability utilizing of the questionnaire. The research findings showed a significant relationship and verified hypotheses of economic impact of tourism on the territory and material prosperity with /29 ratio, social impacts of tourism on the territory of the local community with /31 ratio, the cultural impact of tourism on the territory of emotional well-being by a ratio of /26, environmental impacts of tourism on the territory of the welfare and safety by a ratio of /46, economic impact of tourism on the overall positive quality of life with a ratio of /10, as well as the cultural impact of tourism on the overall positive quality of life /30. The Impact of the material prosperity was positive on the overall quality of life with a ratio of /05, the impact emotional well-being on the overall quality of life was /49 and the impact of the realm of welfare, health and security had a ratio of /19 on the overall quality of life. The main assumption of the theoretical model of research verified the direct impact of tourism on the overall quality of life with a ratio of /80. The findings showed that there were positive relationships between the impact of tourism and certain spheres of life. This means that when positive perception of resident’s increases of the economic, social, cultural and environmental tourism, their satisfaction and material prosperity, community well-being, emotional and health and safety also increases, which increases the overall quality of life.

Today, the tourism industry, especially in the field of religious and cultural tourism, plays a decisive role in the development of the country. There are also many capabilities in Iran for cultural tourism, especially religious-artistic tourism, which generally uses the use of religious and artistic elements to attract audiences. Also, the issue of pilgrimage in Islamic culture and civilization is strong in linking Muslim thought and belief. Therefore, the necessity of identifying strategies and strategies influencing the development of religious tourism is unavoidable. Accordingly, the present study is conducted using a descriptive-analytical and survey method with the aim of identifying effective strategies for the development of religious tourism in the Bibi Hakimeh holy shrine and prioritizing them according to their importance. To this end, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed that interpreted its data to identify the most important strengths, opportunities, and ideals and ultimately the main strategies. In this regard, the views of experts and experts have been used. To this end, a comprehensive strategy formulation framework based on the SOAR model has been used. Then, the results of this model were evaluated and judged according to experts' opinions and SWARA method. The results of this study showed that the strategies for increasing the restaurants and catering centers and organizing ritual ceremonies in the shrine were selected as the best strategy for the study area. Finally, according to the results, the strategies and measures necessary to use the strengths and opportunities of religious tourism in the holy shrine of Bibi Hakimeh have been expressed in the province for the development of religious tourism in the province.

Today tourism is an inseparable pillar in human life and by technology development, flextime and teleworking decreasing, necessity to travel increased in conclusion Recreation tourism is one of the most low-cost kinds and also recreation tourism(daily)is divided to agronomy tourism, urban tourism, rural tourism and etc. that people can enjoy it in a daily trip. The region we survey in this research is "Shahriar" that has a close confederacy with its villages, and in addition there are many gardens inside the town. So we can have a confederate region of urban, rural and agronomy tourism with each other And use the mixture of these three kinds of tourism to develop the region in tourism filed for increasing people's economy, social, welfery situation, to blockage destroying gardens, and capable agronomy fileds. Because this research wants to find the solutions for boom the recreation tourism just describes the things that are found in documents, resources and questionnaires. The present study is categorized in descriptive survey research type, and is analyzed via excel, Arc Gis software programs and SWOT and PESTEL models. The surveys and results indicate that Shahriar county has tourist attraction potentiality, and the best strategy with the score of 2/541from the internal factors and 2/530 from the external ones, is categorized in offensive strategy. Given the benefits Given the strengthening points, we can highly benefit from the opportunities.

In recent decades, the fundamental assumption of tourism as a phenomenon in urban life and the result of modern order has grown dramatically. In this article, we try to look at tourism in the mirror of the basic concepts and the embedding of social thought using the method of documentary research. The findings of this study show that tourism can only be explained in the light of the modernity system and its positive and negative births or its dark and light aspects in the lives of urban dwellers. On the one hand, the social birth of tourism is the attraction of modernity; therefore, the emergence of tourists with the rise of modernity and its manifestations such as holidays, urban lifestyle based on separation of work from leisure, globalization, Eros satisfaction by urban regulatory bodies, consumption, satisfaction of curiosity in outer space The city and exoticism coincide; on the other hand, tourism is understood as an escape from the alienation of modernity, liberation from the logic of logos, urban bio-enchantment, and the discovery of originality and originality in the non-urban world.

Tourism is an important phenomenon of the twentieth century, that operates within the framework of specific spatial patterns. One of these spatial patterns is the urban tourism. Quality of the spatial distribution of tourism infrastructure in the city strengthens the tourist mobility in this spatial pattern. As such, tourism mobility plays a key role in predicting the potential route of tourist movements, destination management and design, travel planning and attraction marketing. So far, several studies have been conducted on spatial analysis of tourist attractions, infrastructures and distribution of services in urban areas. The disproportionate distribution of infrastructure and ranking of tourism services are among the fundamental and obvious shortcomings that tangible in many tourism industry development studies and plans in our country. Therefore, in the present study, according to the principles of strengthening the capacity of accommodation facilities, tourism infrastructures and relatively regular spatial distribution of natural and historical-cultural elements, the methods of strengthening tourism mobility and tourist presence in the city are explained, Because analysis of the distribution, proper location of the infrastructures in this part of the cities is one of the basic decisions in the process of urban settlements development planning. Although Urmia city is rich in terms of antiquity, the multiplicity of historical monuments and cultural heritage, it still faces problems such as the concentration of service-tourism units and the lack of a motile and historical tourism axis. It should also be noted that, despite of Urmia’s long history due to various factors throughout history, has preserved relatively few monuments. However, these artifacts are valuable and require physical and functional protection to preserve the city's historical identity, and at the same time can play an important role in attracting tourists to this cultural, historical and religious city. Therefore, according to the purpose of this research, the distribution of different tourism infrastructures in this location had a high priority. On the other hand, considering that no research has been done yet in terms of the evaluation of tourism infrastructure based on the mobility of tourists in Urmia; so, addressing this issue may reveal new aspects of Urmia tourism and become helpful for tourism development of the city.

the research method is descriptive-analytical according to the nature of the subject and the objectives and in order to collect data, field and library method were used. At first, descriptive method, geographical information system and ARCGIS software are used to distribute the spatial structure of tourism infrastructure for more mobility of tourists that all of these factors can lead to strengthen the mobility of tourists in the ancient and valuable texture of Urmia. Factors, indicators, criteria and other analysis conditions of tourism infrastructures as well as maps related to effective human factors (accessibility, shopping centers, souvenir centers, hotels, restaurants, historical –commercial-service centers of the old bazaar of Urmia and proximity to historical monuments), has been used in the form of spatial and non-spatial information during the process of data collecting. After data collecting and identifying the main factors and indicators affecting tourism infrastructure, the FAHP model is applied to the criteria and the results of the model are analyzed by ARCGIS software and then the sites have been prioritized by combining the study area maps. Finally, the field parts detailed on the relevant sites.

Generally, the process is done in three stages. At the first step, according to the criteria specified for the analysis of tourism infrastructures in the region no.4 (old texture) of Urmia city, each of the criteria and sub-criteria has been evaluated and weighted. At the second step, the final weight is applied to the criteria and combined with the fuzzy layers. Since each layer of information is not of the equal value and the extent effectiveness of the layers on the final response is not the same, the evaluation step must be performed before the information integration, which is referred as the weighting of the information. Finally, the results of the model and the spatial information collected by the ARCGIS software have been analyzed and then by combining maps of the study area, different sites were prioritized, which eventually led to the segmentation of the relevant sites and in the following, existing zoning parts have been obtained in two quite appropriate and appropriate classes; within the urban historical texture of Urmia. The quantitative indicators represent proportional spatial distribution of tourism infrastructures (hotels, restaurants, shopping centers and souvenir shops, and access hierarchy) at the core of the city's historical texture, as tourism infrastructures have been concentrated within the Imam Street area, which in fact is the main center of historical tourism. With the increase of the distance from the historical-tourism axis of Imam Street, the disproportionate distribution of spatial structure has become more unbalanced and the location of the existing infrastructures in the field of optimal location in this axis. In such a way that the more appropriate location of the infrastructure than other areas of the city has led to their compatibility with the adjacent landings located on the main axis of Imam Street, which creates a continuous axis around the street.

The results show that despite the standardization of infrastructure zoning in the core of the historical context of the city (the area of Imam Street, which is actually the main center and historical tourism axis), this area does not have a desirable tourism flourish. In addition, the results indicate that tourism development is a multifaceted subject and several other factors, regardless of the components of the study, are effective in the prosperity of tourism. The notable point in this study is the emphasize on the importance of recognizing the primary and secondary elements of tourism in relation to its mobility with the focus on historical tourism. Also it can be concluded from the available information that historical sites, shopping malls and hotels have had the greatest impact on the realization of tourist mobility in this area.

Today different approaches are proposed and used for solving the current issues and problems in cities, some of which are livability, smart city, ideal city, resilient city, child-friendly city, age-friendly city, city of learning, creative city and secure city. Multiple factors affect the livability of a place, of which can note the presence of people, mixed use, housing, safety and security, sense of belonging, efficiency and the environment. The crime rate (real) and fear of crime (perceived) has a causal relationship with many of health and wellbeing outcomes. The main goal of this research is the analysis of urban livability with emphasis on security and stability indicator in Mashhad metropolis. The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. By using the GIS Software, maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators based on the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones were drawn. For mental indicator, which includes 7 questions, questionnaire was used for a sample size of 402 persons in all zones of Mashhad. The results of this research show the zone 11 of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of security and stability indicator, followed by zones 10 and 9, respectively. By contrast, zones 3, 4 and 6 had the worst conditions in terms of environmental indicator, respectively. Zones 11, 10 and 9 were at ideal level. About 40 % of Mashhad's zones are at security and stability critical level with respect to the urban livability.

Man-made attractions are created by mankind interference. They account for a wide range of geographical landscapes. Sport complexes are some good examples. Sport tourism is a new branch of ecotourism that is quite well-known among people worldwide. It includes active and inactive sports and games by making use of natural attractions such as Skiing, swimming, climbing, hiking and so on. Sport tourism is a critically important branch of tourism that has been of effect not only on making currency and job opportunities but also in developing health and culture in different regions in last few decades. So tourism development in general and sport tourism development in particular, has been of concern for planners and policy makers of regions enjoying environmental attractions, Alimoradian cultural and sport complex has a beautiful view, magnificent architecture, well equipped with sport facilities offering world-class standard services has paved the way for tourism absorption to Nahavand. This survey is to deal with introducing Damavand tourism potentials as well as Alimoradian cultural and sport complex and to provide with practical approaches developing sport tourism, creating job vacancies, improving economic level of the town.Study area,Nahavand is located in south west of Hamadan Province. Its geographical coordinates is between 34 degree and 8 minute to 34 degree and 12 minute of northern latitude, 48 degree and 20 minute to 48 degree and 24 minute of eastern longitude. The city is 1740 meter above the sea level. Chehel Nabalegan Mount is the highest point in the region with 3487 meters above the sea level. The mount overlooks Gamasiab River Headwater and the lowest point is the exit of Gamasiab River from the Province with 1420 meter high above the sea level. Alimoradian cultural and sport complex has been constructed on the city ring road in eastern part of the city. Its measure is 136000m2. It construction started in 1992 and the project completion was conducted in some phases including: 1) multipurpose indoor hall, 2) open grounds for exercising and match, 3) indoor swimming pool 4) multipurpose indoor hall.

It is a descriptive, analytic survey based on field visits and questionnaires completion. Its sample group includes 100 people selected from sport men and women, experts and sport tourists as the group number was not definite Morgan sampling size table was applied to choose the cases randomly. The variables were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using SPSS (Version 21) .to check the data equality of continuous, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test or KS test) was used and to analyze the research hypothesis T-test was used . the results revealed that the sport potentials of the province have not been recognized properly and also the research showed that sport complexes establishment could be of great effect in sport tourism development. In case the sport tourism development is quite organized it can make job vacancies and improve the economic conditions of the area.

Taking T-test results analysis of Nahavand sport potentials as well as tourism sport capabilities into account revealed that its significant level is less than 5%. It show a significant difference to the considered mean. It signifies improper evaluation of the area sport tourism potentials so there is an urgent need to conduct a scientific research in order to develop the sport complexes and sport tourism facilities. The significant level less than 5% and its significant difference to the considered mean, clearly proves the impact of sport complexes development like Alimoradian cultural and sport complex on sport tourism development as well as making job vacancies and improving the economic conditions of the area.

Based on the survey findings, great many of developing countries use sport tourism as a magnet for tourist absorption and making use of its economic benefits. The obtained results shows a sort of cause and effect relations between tourism and economic development and there is a long term balance between these two. Nowadays sport tourism is a seriously concerned as a mean for sustainable economic development. Due to great number of fans and its economic benefits for improving welfare as well as job creation ability of sport tourism, it has been on agenda for development in a lot of regions of the world particularly where economic development has more constraints. Although, sport tourism can be short-term And seasonal but in some regions it accounts for more than half of annual local communities income. Hence great many of countries attempt to host sport events and absorb tourists to have a bigger share of its income. Up to now great many of studies have been conducted on the impacts of holding sport events and sport tourism advantages but most of them have been focused on the role and position of sport tourism on tourism development

Tourists perceived image towards the tourism destination is one of the effective factors in attracting tourists for visiting a place and choosing every trip destination, a destination image, especially a positive one, plays an effective and a significant part in future behaviors of tourists, such as their satisfaction and loyalty to tourism destination. based on which the present study is to indicate the effect of perceived image of tourists from Tabriz on their satisfaction and loyalty to the city. Questionnaires were as the main tool of data collection. So, 388 questionnaires were distributed among tourists through a random sampling in summer, 1397, structural equation analyses modeling, SPSS 20 and Amos 24 software’s were used to analyze the data and also to test the hypothesis of the research, the results of the present study show that the quality of the perceived image of tourists from Tabriz has directly positive and meaningful effect on their loyalty. The satisfaction of tourists also on its turn does have a direct and meaningful effect on their loyalty. Finally, the destination image, in addition to direct impact also affects the loyalty of tourists indirectly and through satisfaction.