Report of Health Care
Volume:3 Issue: 3, Summer 2017

The intensity and duration of exercises are the main factors of fat oxidation and carbohydrate during the exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged and graded exercise protocols on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax in trained girls. Ten trained girls (age = 22.3 ±1.8 years old; weight= 53.3±3.4 kg; BMI= 20.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2 and VO2max= 34.2±2 ml/kg/min), attended the laboratory on seven separate occasions. In the first visit, anthropometrics and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) measurements were assessed. In the second session, participants completed a submaximal graded exercise protocol with seven stages, 3 min per stages at intensity of 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65% of VO2max. Next, each participant in five separate sessions consisting of 30 min prolonged exercises performed exercises in a counterbalanced order of intensity at 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% VO2max. For statistical analysis of data Shapiro Wilk and paired sample t-test (p≤0.05) were used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between MFO (p=0.01) and Fatmax (p=0.04) after graded and prolonged exercises. It appears that prolonged exercise caused a higher MFO and Fatmax rather than graded exercise in trained girls.

Apoptosis is a type of cell death that is essential for homeostasis. Findings on the impact of physical activity on apoptosis are contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training with curcumin on gene expression of Bax, Bcl- 2, and Caspase- 3 in aged female rat hepatocytes.

In this experimental study, 35 aged female, postmenopausal Wistar rats (2-year-old), were randomly assigned to five groups including control, curcumin, high intensity interval training (HIIT), curcumin with HIIT and sham. Curcumin was given at 30 mg/kg by gavage in experimental groups 3 days a week. The HIIT protocol consisted of three sessions of high intensity treadmill training per week for 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and gavage, the Bax, Bcl- 2, and Caspase-3 genes expression were measured in the hepatocytes.

The expression of Bax (P = 0.0003) and Caspase- 3 (P = 0.0006) genes increased significantly due to HIIT, while curcumin reduced this increase (P≤0.05). Bcl- 2 gene decreased due to HIIT (P = 0.001), and Curcumin with HIIT increased Bcl- 2 (P≤0.05).

HIIT and curcumin had an antagonistic effect on expression of apoptosis-regulating genes in hepatocytes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance and resistance training on systemic inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome parameters in overweight and obese men. 33 volunteer participants (BMI=27.39 kg/m2) were randomly divided into three groups (n=11), namely, an endurance training (ET) group, a resistance training (RT) group, and a control group. The ET and RT groups trained for eight weeks at three sessions a week and 150 min per week. Before the training and 72 hours after the last exercise session, blood samples were collected from the subjects for assays on interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adiponectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glucose, insulin, and blood lipids and lipoproteins. The percentage body fat, waist circumference, WHR, and blood pressure of the subjects were also measured before and after the training protocols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures test and significant level of 0.05 was used for all statistical analysis. After training, the ET and RT groups showed a significant decrease in hs-CRP, percentage body fat, insulin and insulin resistance index, triglycerides, and total cholesterol (P<0.05). Both groups likewise showed a significant increase in adiponectin (P<0.05). Only the changes in LDL-C and TNF-α were significant between the ET and RT groups (P<0.05). In general, the effects of resistance training on some of the systemic inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome parameters of the overweight and obese men were incomparable to those of endurance training.

Obesity is one of the global health problems that causes tissue damage and mortality due to hormonal changes and increased inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome indices. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate changes of endurance training with flax seed on cortisol concentration and lipid profile of obese women. In the present study, 48 obese women aged 30-40 years old were randomly divided into four groups of 12, including 1. Endurance training, 2. Flaxseed supplementation, 3. Endurance training with flaxseed supplementation and 4. Control. Groups 1 and 3 performed endurance training for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week at 40-70% of maximum heart rate, group 2 consume 6 grams flax seed daily and group 4 did not have any exercise and flaxseed consumption. Blood samples were measured before and after 8 weeks of endurance training and flax seed consumption. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential tests of one-way ANOVA, Tukey‘ s post hoc, and paired sample t-tests were used at the significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant difference in endurance training, endurance training with flax seed and control groups also showed a non-significant difference in flax seed group in cholesterol (p=0.003, p=0.001, p<0.001, p=0.065 respectively), triglyceride (p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.01, p=0.12 respectively) and LDL (p=0.008, p=0.003, p=0.028, p=0.091 respectively) HDL (p=0.011, p=0.014, p=0.031, p=0.26 respectively), also based on the findings of the study, non-significant differences were found between the levels of cortisol in the research groups (p=0.26, p=0.12, p=0.18, p=0.75 respectively). It seems that endurance trainings with flax seed can improve the lipid profiles of obese women.

Angiogenesis in adipose tissue plays an important role in the development or reduction of this tissue. Since exercise is essential in preventing obesity, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continues training (MICT) on platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats with 250-350 gram body masses were selected. As the study sample, the rats were divided into four groups: (1) basal control, (2) 8 weeks control, (3) MICT and (4) HIIT. Training program consisted of 8 weeks and 5 days per week running of MICT (15 to 30 m/min for 15 to 60 minutes) or HIIT (4 to 8 single-minute intervals of intense activity at a speed of 28-55 m/min and one-minute intervals of mild activity at a speed of 12-30 m/min). Adipose tissue samples were removed 48 hours after the last training session and PDGF gene expression was measured by Real-Time PCR methods. Kruskal-Wallis, one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze the results at the significance level of 0.05.

Results indicated that rats’ weight of control group significantly increased (P= 0.001), but in HIIT (P = 0.34) and MICT (P = 0.22) groups, physical training prevented weight gain. In addition, there were significant effects neither subcutaneous (P = 0.38) nor visceral (P = 0.38) adipose tissues by HIIT and MICT on PDGF gene expression. However, both types of exercise activities, especially the HIIT exercise, increased the PDGF gene expression about 2.5 to 3 times in both adipose tissues.

It seems that the HIIT and MICT for 8 weeks do not have significant effects on PDGF gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, although further studies are needed to clarify the issue.

Extensive evidence has shown that high intensity exercise triggers blood coagulation and improves blood fibrinolysis levels. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the response of coagulation, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic factors of hypertensive cardiovascular patients to one bout submaximal endurance exercise (OBSEE). Out of 70 men with high blood pressure, 20 men were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). First, both groups performed OBSEE. After that, the EG performed 12 weeks of HIIT. At the end, again, both groups performed OBSEE. Blood sampling was performed just before and immediately after each session of exercise. Dependent variables were categorized into three groups including 1. Coagulation: fibrinogen(FIB), factor VIII(FVIII), prothrombin time (PT), prothrombin time activity (PTA), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) 2. Anticoagulation: protein C (PC), antithrombinIII (ATIII) 3. Fibrinolytic: d-dimer (D-D), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor1 (PAI-I), tPA/PAI-1. To analyze the data, Shapiro- Wilk test, Factorial repeated measures ANOVA, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient were used at significant level (P ≤ 0.05). HIIT caused significant increase in the rate of Vo2max (p = 0.001) and significant decrease in RHR (p = 0.001), SBP (p = 0.001) and DBP (p = 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the response of FIB (p = 0.262), FVIII (p = 0.248), PT (p = 0.396), PTA (p = 0.646), INR (p = 0.408), aPTT (p = 0.856), PLT (p = 0.678), MPV (p = 0.223), D-D (p = 0.621), tPA (p = 0.381), PAI-1 (p = 0.353), tPA / PAI-1 (p = 0.069), PC (p = 0.147) and ATIII (p = 0.138) to OBSEE after 12 weeks HIIT. It seems that to observation of significant positive changes in the response of coagulation, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic factors to one OBSEE, more than 12 weeks HIIT are required.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that has a close relationship with increased physical disabilities and muscle tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continued trainings with crocin consumption on Bcl-2, Bax and P53 gene expression of heart tissue in high-fat diet- and streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 49 adult high-fat diet- and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were selected and randomly assigned to 7 groups (1) high intensity interval training (HIIT) (2) low intensity continued training (LICT) (3) HIIT with crocin consumption, (4) LICT with crocin consumption, (5) crocin consumption, (6) sham and (7) control. HIIT and LICT groups ran the treadmill for eight weeks, three sessions per week with intensity 80- 85 and 50- 55 percent of maximum running speed, respectively, and crocin consumption groups received crocin 25 mg/kg per week for eight weeks. To analyze the research findings, paired sample t-test, two- way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test were used (p≤0.05).

Eight weeks of HIIT and LICT had significant effect on reduction of Bax gene expression in heart tissue of diabetic rats (p≤0.05), and HIIT had significant effect on reduction of P53 gene expression in heart tissue of diabetic rats (p≤0.05), crocin consumption had significant effect on reduction of P53 gene expression in heart tissue of diabetic rats (p≤0.05), endurance training with crocin consumption had interaction effect on increase of Bcl-2 gene expression and reduction of P53 gene expression in heart tissue of diabetic rats (p≤0.05).

It seems that interval and continued with crocin consumption in high- fat diet- and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats have interaction anti-apoptotic effects.

Moqlenjan supplement plays an important role in the treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia and diabetes and may increase the benefits of exercise. This study was conducted to examine the effect of aerobic training with Moqlenjan supplementation on lipid profiles and glycemic indices of overweight men. In this clinical study, 32 overweight men in the age range of 35 to 45 years old and BMI 26.93±1.3 kg.m-2 were randomly divided into four groups of eight: 1) aerobic training, 2) Moqlenjan supplement, 3) aerobic training along with the Moqlenjan supplementation 4) control. Groups 1 and 3 performed aerobic exercise 60-80% of maximum heart rate for eight weeks, three sessions per week, and each session for 40 to 50 minutes. Also, groups 1 and 3 consumed two 250 mg tablets per day for eight weeks. Before the start of the study and 48 hours after the last training session, the variables of the research were measured from all the groups. For data analysis, SPSS software version 21 was used for statistical analysis of variance analysis and paired sample t-test. The significance level of the tests was less than 0.05. Aerobic training, supplementation and aerobic training along with supplementation caused a significant decrease in fat, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and insulin resistance, and a significant increase in HDL (P≤0.05), but did not change the weight and body mass index (P> 0.05). The results also showed that aerobic training along with supplementation has more effect on the above variables than aerobic training and supplement alone. It seems that aerobic training along with Moqlenjan supplement results in a higher reduction in the percentage of fat, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and insulin resistance, as well as a higher increase in the HDL in comparison with aerobic training exercise and supplementation alone.Therefore, it is recommended that these people use aerobic training with Moqlenjan supplement to lower blood lipids, improve insulin resistance, and prevent diabetes.