نشریه سیاست و روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

In the last decades, the Persian Gulf region had encountered one of the most dangerous crisis that it can produce political crisis. Water crisis as a environmental factor seems, in not far future, probably will change the region conditions to out of control position. This article aim is to evaluate of water crisis impacts on the Persian Gulf regional security. The problem that the article is seek to answer it, is what are the main impacts of water crisis on the Persian gulf countries security? And what are the important regional solutions to resolve and manage of it? As a hypothesis, the article with emphasis regional analysis level and descriptive- explanative method argues the problem of water shortcomings in longtime can change to environmental crisis and it seems conflicts and finally war will be inevitable in the future. The findings of the article shows some solutions and instruments can be useful to mitigate consequences of the crisis. The instruments are included: collective management methods such as common cooperation to optimal use of water resources, common investments in infrastructure of water resources, sea water infiltration, developments of gathering machines to sewerage and peaceful cooperation of institution in regional level to mitigate of political tensions and consequences.

In this paper, we have attempted to present the process of birth and development of discourses as well as their bill and expansion. This article claims that every discourse derives from the relation between events and interpretations. This means that every discourse gets its identity in the context of interpretations. As interpretations are based on rational reasoning and critical debate, and as one of the forms of reflection of social awareness, they create a way to deal with thoughts and ideas, leading to a dialogue between journalism and society. In fact, journalism, through commentary, engages in events that are debating and poses questions to them and changes their geometry and content, which ultimately leads to the emergence of discourse. In fact, many of the issues that come up in a society as "discourse" are issues that are analyzed by the media and repeated interpretations. This paper, with a descriptive analytical approach, wants to answer the question that how "commentary" acts as a major journalistic genre in the production of discourses, and how discourses are expanded and expanded, and this situation at a level how does international journalism happen?

The comparison of the Iran revolution with the French and Russian revolutions shows that the Iran revolution has not been able to affect the European countries as much as two other revolutions. This is despite the fact that in Iran, revolutionaries from the very beginning sought to export their revolution to various parts of the world. The question that arises is why the export of the revolution by Iran failed to bring the expected results? For this purpose, the Laclau and Mouffe discourse approach has been used. The findings of the research show that the discourse of the Islamic Revolution has not succeeded in making myths due to lack of availability and credibility, which is one of the characteristics of the superiority of a discourse And thus failed to have a remarkable reflection in Western Europe. In addition, Western modernity has been able to managed dislocation through hegemonic interventions. Also, the continuity of Western hegemony can be attributed to the highlighting and marginalization of the discourse mentioned.

For decades, Saudi Arabia and the United States have maintained extensive relations in all fields, including oil and weapons, in a tightly-construed manner. Saudi Arabia is the most important importer of weapons and military equipment from the United States and this makes it profitable for large arms companies in the country. As the number of military equipment imports increased several times over the past years, with the increase in Saudi Arabia's regional disputes. The important question is »how increasing in the volume and number of weapons from Saudi Arabia affects the military structure and military maneuverability of the country in regional developments? This article seeks to highlight the fact that a quantitative increasing in military equipment to the most modern types of military weapons and weapons is not an alone determining factor in increasing the military strength of a country. Rather, other important factors such as access to military daytime knowledge, adequate human resources, military intelligence and the production of tactics and new war strategies, weapons localization and military unreliability should be considered. Not paying attention to these issues, and Saudi Arabia's emphasis on a quantitative increase, coupled with military and military dependence on the great powers, especially the United States is one of the important factors that have not led to an increase in the effectiveness of the country's military power in the area of regional change.

Culture and its function in the sphere of diplomacy and foreign policy, particularly with the advent of constructivism and critical theories, serve an instrumental role in politics and diplomacy of countries throughout the globe. Hence culture, in particular, Shia-Ashoura one, is of the utmost prominence to Islamic Republic of Iran’s policy especially as regards the sphere of nuclear activities so that the discourse of this culture, which stresses truthfulness, rejection of compromise and humiliation, and resistance to violence, has evidently been the dominant language of Iran’s policy towards nuclear talks overtwo past decades. Such discourse has exerted its beneficial impact on the demands and strategies of the country through the negotiation. With respect to the discourse, the prime question arisen in the current paper is that what was the effect of Ashoura and its culture has been in Iranian officials Positions in nuclear issue in the west in 1384-1392? This paper studies this issue with library resources. The hypothesis is, the leading role of the culture in Iran’s unaccompanied confrontation and resistance to the West from one side, and from the other side the country’s vindication of rightfulness, rejection of compromise and submission to West, in particular America. The main conclousion of the paper is, Shiite-Ashora Culture Pushed Iranian officials Positions in nuclear issue in 1384-1392 to identity concepts such as centrality of justice, Martydom, oppression, upright, Arrogance and rejection of compromise that to see a mental image led to erosion negotiations and deepening distrust to the west.

Russia within the framework of Eurasian politics Seeking to strengthen its relations with Middle Eastern countries and achieving the goals and interests of Moscow, That's why he turned himself into a key Actor in the Syrian crisis. Russia's activities in the Middle East and conflict in the Syrian crisis, increased communication and cooperation with Iran. Current Russian and Iranian contacts, in history on after Soviet collapse Unprecedented. Russian and Iranian authorities a solid foundation of bilateral dialogue and cooperation have established, but despite the potential for engagement and collaboration, The strategic alliance is not formed between the two countries And there are still serious obstacles that can even stop this cooperation. accordingly, The question arises as follows, Russian Eurasian Politics How has the Russian relationship with Iran been influenced and What role has the Syrian crisis played in this relationship? The hypothesis which the research is based is that, Russian Eurasian Politics Has highlighted Iran's position in Russian foreign policy And relatively continuous relationships Two countries in the Syrian crisis Has caused a change in Tehran-Moscow relations, But the structural factors of the international and regional system Has prevented strategic and strategic unification of the two countries. The present study uses library and internet data And written descriptive-analytical method And to see the scientific and exact findings of the research The theoretical approach to structural realism has been used.

The strengthening and stability of the economic relations of the countries of a region is largely due to the resolution of their security challenges. This is important in the case of Iran-Afghanistan trade deals that have been made in a tense region. importantly, despite current security barriers, Iran has been able to influence the Afghanistan's market. However, the current economic relations between the two countries often have been heavily influenced by the secured challenges. In order to prove this claim, the main question of this paper is focusing on the years 2001-2017, It is that which of the most important security challenges and constraints governing the economic relations between Iran and Afghanistan at national, regional and transnational levels. In response, the continuation of Iran's security concerns to Afghanistan, regional conflicts around the two countries, and the securitization of the geopolitics and the identity of Iran and Afghanistan at the global level by the United States are the most important challenges. this analysis has been carried out in the critical context of the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School. The research results indicate that one of the main reasons for the lack of economic growth in Iran and Afghanistan over the past years has been the security approach to the Tehran-Kabul relations, that influenced by transnational security scanners. Accordingly, the promotion of the economic interactions between the two countries requires that many issues and threats be resolved by governments in the field of politics than they are in the security field.