International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Summer 2014

The present study, wants to highlight and review the most prevalent disease amongst travelers. In the current review, an updated review regarding epidemiology, involved pathogens, and a brief review of current evidence-based guidelines for prevention and treatment of this disease are provided. A distinguishing feature of the current review is the discussion of the impacts of irritable bowel syndrome, as one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases, on travelers’ diarrhea pattern. Moreover, evidence-based data was the primary source for all parts of the current study. A recent review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database, with a very large sample size was the basis for epidemiologic appraisals.

Various therapeutic options such as Calcitonin are suggested for patients with low bone density. However, the efficacy remains uncertain in all patients. C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) is the authentic bone marker which is recently used to assess the bone turnover. This study aimed at revealing the therapeutic effects of Calcitonin on osteopenic women via serum CTx and assessment of other biochemical markers.
we conducted a before-after clinical trial on menopause women with low bone mineral density (bone mineral density score less than 1.5 SD of peak bone mass) attending Baqiyatallah hospital clinic. They received 200 IU Calcitonin nasal spray, calcium (1000 mg) and vitamin D (400 IU). Then the serum CTx and other laboratory parameters were compared after a 6 months treatment. The data was analyzed using SPSS ver.16, paired T-test and regression model.
The study population included 115 menopause women with the mean age of 58.75 ± 8.15 years. The CTx amount decreased significantly compared with that of the baseline level (3.203 ± 2.24 vs. 2.497 ± 1.657 Pmol/lit, P <0.001). Also, Bone Mineral Densitometry of spine increased significantly from 0.834±0.112 to 0.852±0.122 (P =0.003). Serum levels of PTH, Ca, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase total had also changed insignificantly (P >0.05).
Nasal spray of Calcitonin could be effective on the progression of osteoporosis by decreasing bone tissue turnover and improving the bone density. Further controlled-studies with a larger sample size and a longer duration of follow up are recommended.

Although cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric disorders are linked, it is not yet known if such links are independent of comorbid medical diseases and if these associations depend on race and ethnicity. This study aimed to determine if the associations between cardiovascular diseases with general anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive episode (MDE) are independent of comorbid medical diseases and if these links differ among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites.
This cross-sectional study enrolled African American, Caribbean Black, and Non-Hispanic White adults who had participated in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001 - 2003. Data on socio-economics (age, sex, and education level) were collected. Self-reported physician diagnosed cardiovascular diseases (heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke) and chronic medical conditions (peptic ulcer, cancer, diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, asthma, other chronic respiratory diseases, sickle cell anemia, and glaucoma) were measured. The 12-month GAD and MDE were measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regressions were fitted to data to determine if the associations between cardiovascular diseases and 12-month GAD and 12-month MDE are independent of socio-economic status and comorbid chronic medical diseases across race and ethnic groups.
Above and beyond other medical conditions, heart disease and atherosclerosis were associated with 12-month GAD among Caribbean Blacks, but not African Americans or non-Hispanic Whites. Hypertension was associated with 12-month MDE among African Americans, and heart disease was associated with 12-month MDE among Caribbean Blacks. None of the cardiovascular diseases were associated with 12-month MDE among non-Hispanic Whites, while all the other medical conditions were controlled.
Our study showed race and ethnicity may be associated with specific patterns of comorbidity between cardiovascular diseases and 12-month MDE and GAD. By other words, the link between psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases may depend on race and ethnicity. More research is needed to explore the behavioral and mental health profile of individuals with heart disease based on race and ethnicity. Race and ethnicity should inform mental health evaluation of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

One of the most important issues that managers are facing is the improvement of their staffs’ performance that could improve and increase the productivity of the organization. This study was performed with the purpose of determining the relation between social capital and the nurses’ performance in the Hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
This is an applied and Cross-sectional study performed in 2012. The statistical population included 320 employed nurses of the hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using social capital measuring questionnaires designed by the author. The questionnaires were scientifically confirmed and had the Reliability of 84% using Cronbach’s Alpha Test. Data were analyzed using the Spearman test.
A significant and direct relationship was found between social capital and 5 of its components (social participation, mutual trust and reciprocity, social networks and perception of the environment) and nurses performance in the mentioned hospitals (p<0.001).
managers can improve their staff’s performance and their motivations by recognizing and developing the social capital. Therefore it is suggested that efforts should be made in improving the components of social capital in hospitals, which are one of the most important organizations in providing services.

Removing eyes has different indications. We surveyed the causes and results of eye removal surgery in Yazd, Iran.
We retrospectively reviewed the profile of 102 patients who had underwent eye removal surgery for any reason in the Shahid Sadoughi hospital during the last 10 years. The demographic characteristics, causes of enucleation, the interval between an accident and an eye surgery, and postoperative complications were analyzed.
  In 102 patients (males, 68.6% and females, 31.4%) most cases were laborers (21.6%).The two most common causes of eye enucleation were  trauma (60.9%) and painful blind eye (15.7%). Trauma was the most frequent cause in the age group of  ≤20 years old (78.9%) (P-value< 0.001). In 30.4% of the cases, our management was Sympathetic ophthalmia prevention.
The first cause of eye removal surgery in our study was trauma, especially in the young men. To reduce the rate of this surgery, protective proceeding, early diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases will be useful.