فصلنامه راهبرد اجتماعی فرهنگی
پیاپی 33 (زمستان 1398)

The intricacy and diversity of citizens’needs are increasingly heightened as a result of today’s urban life. Doing needs assessment in cities is a measure to identify the important needs, pave the way for the realization of the needs, and recognize the constant changes made in the urban life. The review and analysis of the needs assessment in cities that have so far been done can be a means of introducing the best ways of doing needs assessment.To achieve the given purpose, this study made an attempt to identify the methodological and conceptual weaknesses of the needs assessment done so far and offer practical suggestions so as to improve the future needs assessment.This study is based on document analysis and Systematic Review of Previous Studies. The methodological weaknesses found in the studied needs assessment in cities were as follows: the scope of the samples under investigation and aims of analyses did not match with the adopted methodologies; the surveys were limited to closed questions; the methods adopted for data collection were not justified and explained; the sampling techniques used for the studies were not appropriate; the ways of extracting the concept of the needs were not faultless.Using mixed method to classify the concept of the need is the best way of doing needs assessment both the citizens’ mentality and the goal-oriented models can be used in this method. Using appropriate methods and fields based on Needassessment models is the another Conclusion of this paper.

The conditions of today’s urban life have made the citizens’ needs dramatically intricate and diverse. Conducting need assessments in cities is a measure to identify the citizens' important needs, pave the way for the meeting these needs, and identify the constant changes made in the urban life. The review and analysis of the needs assessments in cities having been conducted so far can be used as a means of introducing the best methods of carrying out needs assessment. To achieve the given purpose, this study has made an attempt to identify the methodological and conceptual weaknesses of the needs assessments carried out so far and offers some practical suggestions for improving the future needs assessments. This study is based on document analysis and systematic review of the previous studies. The methodological weaknesses found in the studied needs assessments in cities were as follows: the scope of the samples under the investigation and the aims of the analyses did not exactly match the methodologies; the surveys were limited to some closed questions; the data collection methods were not adequately justified and explained; the sampling techniques used for the studies were not appropriate; and the ways of extracting the concept of the needs were not faultless. A comprehensive approach for the classification of the urban needs based on the prevailing needs assessment models is conclusively suggested because both the citizens’ mentalities and objective goal-oriented models are to a great extent, if not fully, included in this approach.

In the various legal systems of the world, governments often base the civil liability on the theory of fault; i.e. governments cannot be adjudged to pay indemnity unless they commit a violation. But the changes and evolution of the legal theories in some countries, under some circumstances, have been trending toward recognizing the liability of the governments even without committing any fault. However, compensation for damages in the absence of government fault is generally adjudged in specific objective cases, and usually damages to the public as a result of public policy are not compensated. One reason is that even if public policies are enforced with many shortcomings and deficiencies, the losers cannot claim damages because either these policies are sovereign or they include some governmental measures and legal actions. Accordingly, some of the greatest oppressions in public policy may occur, while these oppressions are not defined and dealt with in the context of civil liability of the governments. As the legal and managerial theories evolve, it seems that the scope of government responsibility for public policy can also be traced and made possible for policymakers to be held accountable. In this article, after a brief review of the theoretical literature of the research subject, using an analogy-based reasoning approach, an innovative model for recognition of oppression has been proposed and the necessity of combating oppression in the judicial system of the country has been emphasized.

Universities, as the most important educational institutions in any country, are the culture builders and developers in each society. Correct understanding of culture and the ability to reproduce it into acceptable elements of the society have made the students as the main actors of the confrontation between the rich Islamic-Iranian culture and Western culture and in this conflict students are expected to choose the right path to resolve the conflict between these two cultures. The present study was conducted with a qualitative method in Imam Khomeini International University so as to identify the causes of the cultural conflicts created in the university students. The method used in this paper was conceptual and deductive analysis in which 15 students of this university were interviewed in full details so that they might respond the questions with enough information. In addition, seven university elites and professors were interviewed to complete the data and achieve the research objectives. After comparison of the results of these interviews with data from some other studies in this field, the outcomes were presented in the form of 8 main causes of cultural conflict in students and 6 (suggested) solutions to settle these conflicts.

This study aims at examining Hirschi’s theory of social control from the Quranic standpoint. The comparative research method has been followed to compare and contrast Hirschi’s standpoint and that of the Holy Quran. Travis Hirschi’s, a well-known theorist of social control, maintains that the major cause of man’s lack of deviance and delinquency is his/her social bonds and individuals’ conformity with the society is the main factor in social control and preventing them from deviance. The Holy Quran suggests the following three control measures against the deviance: individual control, social control, and legal control. In this research, legal control or Islamic punishment system with its related subjects such as its goals and law enforcement agents and the judges’ skillfulness and efficiency have been studied. Moreover, the Holy Quran has also suggested resocialization, value control, and emotional control to restore the individuals from deviance. Finally, Hirschi is in consensus with the Holy Quran on the point that the level of family attachment and commitment, religiosity, family formation, parent supervision, and the amount of emotional, informational, and material support received from others are all the factors which strengthen the bond of the individual with the society in which s/he lives. Receiving any support or even feeling the presence of supportive resources or perceived support strengthens the attachment and commitment to and belief in the norms of the society and enough care about the companion helps reduce the deviance.

This study aims at identifying the mental patterns of cultural development of the citizens of three western provinces of Iran using Kyu methodology. The study method is mixed and the qualitative data collection method is Q. The research discourse hall consisted of managers of governmental organizations and lecturers of different universities who were in close relation with the field of culture and had a good background in studies or executive fields in these provinces. The statistical population of the research included some specifically selected citizens of the provinces of Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and Ilam. According to the interviews, 49 Q statements were extracted. In the next step, based on the results of Q test, 6 mentality types were identified namely : religious, traditionalist, participatory and responsible (committed), creative and scientific, legalistic and nationalist, and justice-oriented and individualistic. The results showed that the mentality of the participants in the mental models 1 and 2 was in line with the characteristics of the traditional societies according to the modernization theorists’ standpoint, and the mental patterns of the participants in the third and fourth categories were less inclined toward their regional ecology and more inclined toward Western development. The important finding of this study was that the implementing a development plan on the basis of those of large cities in the country would have the opposite effect in these provinces.

Paying more attention to the promotion of income generation rate in the country and the importance and status of sport tourism in this regard is now more necessary than ever. This study aims at identifying and prioritizing the barriers to the development of sport tourism in Iran and finding a structural-interpretive model for theses barriers. The study is an applied research in terms of purpose and is a combined one in terms of approach that is the statistical population of the study was both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative population (N=15) consisted of experts in tourism, sport tourism, and sport management and the statistical population at the quantitative level included coaches and referees, competition officials and organizers, senior tournament managers, players, and spectators who were selected randomly from a stratified sample of 379 people. First, a comprehensive review of research literature and some interviews with experts in the filed were carefully carried out and then the barriers to sport tourism in Iran were determined on the basis of the structural- interpretive modeling method. Data collecting tools were interviews and two questionnaires. According to the results, 8 barriers were identified as the most important ones. Governmental and legal barriers as well as infrastructural weaknesses were identified as the most important barriers to the development of Iranian sport tourism. Then on the basis of the structural-interpretive model, the relationships between these barriers were identified and analyzed, and by means of Mic-Mac analysis the effects of the barriers were determined. It was proved that the government and legal barriers have the influence of 8 that is the highest level of impact on other barriers of the development of sport tourism. The results of the current study can help the policy makers make better and smarter decisions in order to find the best ways to develop this industry.