پژوهش نامه اسلامی زنان و خانواده
سال هشتم شماره 18 (بهار 1399)

Political participation is one of the pillars of democracy and it is used as an indicator for measuring the level of people's governance in determining their political destiny. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted with the aim of investigating the quantitative and qualitative changes which have been taken place in women's political participation after the victory of the Islamic revolution and its effective factors among the women aged over 17 in the city of Tehran; thus, 400 women were selected as the sample by the simple random sampling and they responded to a researcher-made questionnaire about the indicators of women's political participation. The analyses showed that women's political participation is high in elections (as the voters), but it is moderate in some cases such as membership in political parties. The victory of the Islamic revolution has increased women's political participation by four following variables: the increase of social trust, the formation of Islamic-revolutionary identity, the reinforcement of the obligatory dimension of political participation, the development of women's education at different levels which has been accompanied by an increase in their awareness of their rights and duties, and the change of political structure and the governance of a religious democracy system which has provided a ground for women's political participation by establishing election institutions.

A wise legislator considers rights and duties for couples in the light of the principle of justice and with the purpose of creating a balance; while some interpret the principle of justice and consider giving the right of divorce to men as the same justice and the same balance of couples' rights according to natural differences between men and women and relying on the argument that women are emotional and that the foundation of family is in danger. The present research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the concepts of balance and equality of the foundations of balance in family law in the Iranian legal system, particularly in the latest legal regulations named the Family Protection Law; thus, all related books, papers, and legal bills which have been published during 2012-2019 were reviewed. The draft of the new proposed bill, which has been under consideration in the Commission of Bills of the Cabinet since 2019 as a proposed single article to amend Article 1133 of the Civil Code, based on the restriction of the husband's right to divorce, was also reviewed, and the pros and cons of legal regulations in this area were discussed. The results demonstrated that if the mentioned bill is finally approved, there will be a fundamental change in wife's rights, so that it may affect the Iqaei nature of divorce.

The conditions in the marriage contract are among Islamic arrangements for strengthening families that they allow them to be flexible and compatible in different time and place situations. These conditions, like other legal rules, are affected by social pressures and they are responsible for social needs. Therefore, they are expected to create an approximate balance between family and social needs, and social pressures and legal rules; but it may not work in practice. The aim of this research is to investigate their efficiency. The research data were collected using semi-structured interviews with legal experts and sociologists in the field of family (including judges, sociologists, lawyers, university professors, and counselors) and the themes of (dys)functions of these conditions were extracted by the thematic analysis method. According to the results, their positive and negative functions are placed in subsidiary themes of obvious positive functions (including facilitating women's divorce in difficult situations and realizing women's rights), obvious negative functions (including rising divorce rates, increasing emotional divorce, and the view that signing the conditions is compulsory), hidden positive functions (including adjustment of power and violence in families), and hidden negative functions (including the abuse of some women, women's situations after divorce, and the lack of men's demand for divorce and its subsequent disputes). The results showed that current gaps have caused these conditions to be far from their own real position.

The topic of the right to marriage and its components is the most sensitive and controversial cultural issue among the topics of human rights. This reality has been shown in the process of formulating Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the right to marriage and the family. Since the topic of the right to marriage was first introduced to the international literature of human rights by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is important to investigate its viewpoint on the right of marriage and how it can be interpreted based on the process of negotiations for formulating Article 16; thus, this research aimed to comparatively make comparisons between the viewpoint of Islamic countries in the process of negotiations as well as the definition reflected in the Cairo Declaration on the right to marriage and what was stated in the final text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Therefore, the related sources from 1945 until now were reviewed. According to the findings, the Islamic countries could present a certain view in the form of the Cairo Declaration on human rights in Islam in the late of twentieth century. In addition, although the religious views were not included in Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the extent that they were proposed, presenting them in the United Nations was valuable. The Islamic countries modified the view of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the concept of the family and marriage, and especially introduced the divine nature of the family by formulating the Cairo Declaration on human rights in Islam.

According to Hadiths, the phenomenon of divorce is the most hated Halal of God. By the increasing rate of divorce in the mid-2000s, experts of social sciences took divorce as a social-cultural issue into consideration and lots of studies were conducted on it; thus, the present research was conducted with the purpose of investigating the sociological causes of a tendency to divorce in Iran in related studies done during 2007-2017. After reviewing 100 research papers and 50 valid dissertations, 55 studies conducted during 2007-2017 were selected in order to be analyzed in this research. A meta-analysis of 260 tests extracted from these studies showed that the average of the effect size of individual causes, structural causes, selective causes, causes received from the family and friends, social causes, and communication causes between couples were, respectively, 0.423, 0.392, 0.353, 0.258, 0.393, and 0.382. Analyzing the output model by using the theory of four-dimensional growth of effects showed that although the correlation comes from individuals, couples, families, or societies, it results into a cause of divorce when it is accompanied by all individual, couple, family, and social effects, and if these effects are not created by this correlation or if its intensity is low or very little, this correlation does not result into a divorce.

This descriptive-correlational study aimed to predict life satisfaction according to defense mechanisms (reasoning, projection, denial, omnipotence, inefficiency, transition to action, physicalization, autistic imagination, isolation, passive aggression, displacement, suppression, sublimation, humor, prediction, false altruism, reaction organization, rationalization, and undoing) and personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, flexibility, agreeableness, and responsibility). The population included all girl secondary high school students in the city of Qom. 377 girls were selected as the sample by the multistage sampling. The data were gathered by the questionnaires of defense styles, personality traits, and life satisfaction, and they were analyzed using the correlation method and multiple regression analysis. Based on the results, prediction, denial, and isolation as three defense mechanisms, and neuroticism and extraversion as two personality traits can predict life satisfaction, but flexibility, responsibility, and agreeableness, and other defense mechanisms cannot predict life satisfaction. Therefore, it is possible to improve adolescent girls' life satisfaction by correctly planning and teaching personality traits and defense mechanisms to them.

Increasing life expectancy and decreasing the level of fertility have led to an increase in the number of old people in the population. This qualitative research was conducted with the aim of describing and how to investigate the meaning of social health among the elderly and with the methodology of interpretive ethnography. The data were collected by in-depth interviews. The population included the elderly (aged over 60 years old) in Kermanshah and 14 people were selected as the sample, based on the theoretical saturation of the interview. For analyzing the data, the interviews were coded and three following core themes were identified: the representation of voluntary presence (including the subsidiary themes of continuing interpersonal communications, continuing family network, and the representation of the quality of inner and spiritual issues), the representation of the quality of physical health (including the subsidiary themes of continuing function, not feeling pain, accepting the responsibility of self-care, and controlling life affairs), and the representation of the quality of spiritual health (including the subsidiary themes of regret avoidance, the fear of separation, and keeping role); so, understanding the elderly's social health can help improve their health, and incomplete information and the lack of knowledge about old age can lead to irreparable damages.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral family therapy based on an Islamic approach on marital intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness of women referring to the counseling centers and it was conducted with a quasi-experimental method and pretest-posttest design among women referring to the counseling centers of Arak. Regarding the conditions of this research and the need for cooperation for several months, 15 women were selected for each group by the convenience sampling and they were randomly placed in the groups. The variables were measured by the questionnaires of marital intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness, and the data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance. According to the results, there is a significant difference between marital intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness in two test and control groups; thus, it can be said that cognitive-behavioral family therapy based on an Islamic approach is an effective method for increasing marital intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness.