فصلنامه مطالعات حقوقی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Despite the seriousness of the nature of all crimes under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal (ICC), due to its limited capacity to deal with all of them. Adequate intensity, as the objective element, is the most important mechanism for selecting and prioritizing crimes and the condition of the court. At, the lack of definition of this criterion and its components in the Rome Statute has given rise to a different interpretation of it. The key question is, what is the criterion for assessing the severity of the acceptance of cases under the jurisdiction of the Court, and what threshold of severity is required? In response to this issue, the scope, the nature, impact, and manner of committing a crime and rank or the role of the perpetrator are components of the assessment of the rule of severity However, in the criteria of assessment, and the level of severity thresholds in the divine divine approach. "Acceptance of the situation" and "acceptance of the case" are not the same criteria, while according to the statute, two different assessments of the concept of an intensity are not acceptable In addition, there is disagreement over the threshold of severity. Although the Tribunal's function in recent years has shown a diminution of views, the concept, criterion and scope of this rule and the threshold for the selection of clear claims are unclear, and the legitimacy of the Court is challenged. This issue has been investigated by descriptive-analytical method.

In recent decades, the concept and nature of international security has been evolved through the emergence of terrorist non-State actors and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) so that access to WMD by such non-State actors has become a serious threat for the international community. The lack of provisions in international documents on the prevention of WMD to deal with such threat has made the international community to take special steps in preventing access to WMD by terrorist non-State actors. Notwithstanding these international efforts has not resulted in complete removal of supervisory challenges regarding such non-State actors. In this framework, this paper, using descriptive and analytical method, examines supervisory challenges in prevention of terrorist non-State access to WMD and concludes that the removal of these challenges requires globalization of international obligations, universal and complete co-ordination and co-operation among States, international organs and organisations and the managers of the respective industries in standardization of securing the WMD related materials and supervision over their establishment. As an essential strategy, adoption of a special and comprehensive international convention on the prevention of terrorist non-State actors to access WMD has been suggested in this paper.

The study of legal regime of imposition of unilateral economic sanctions can have a vital role in operation of companies being designated as sanctioned entity. One of the powerful and complex regime of economic sanctions are the restrictive measures imposed by European Union. This article studies the theory of piercing the corporate veil as one of the important theories n EU law and the EU applicable laws and regulations in sanctioning entities and corporations. Finally it provides solutions for Iranian oil companies active in EU jurisdiction to structure themselves in a way to reduce the chance of being considered as a sanctioned entity.

The most recent reactions of States to the use chemical weapon in Syria, whether in the form of institutional co-operation, for example, measures set forth in UNSC Resolutions 2118 dated September 27, 2013, 2209 dated March 2015 and 2235 dated August 7, 2015, or individual reactions, including the US response to the use of chemical weapons in Khan Shaykhun suggests the obligations arising under Article 41 of the draft Articles of 2001 International Law Commission, following a breach obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law. Therefore, this paper seeks to answer the fundamental questions whether the rule in question is acceptable as a peremptory norm of general international law. A positive answer to this question will lead to questions about how to respond to the breach. According to the criteria set out in the report of International Law Commission reporter of 2017, the aforementioned rule has made its way to the top of international law norms, but practice of States in reacting the breach of the rule shows that any reaction to its violation must conform the relevant legal framework and using legitimate means.

In the preceding years to Constitutional movement in Iran, the political thought was transferred from independent monarchy to constitutional monarchy due to the inability to govern the country. Therefore, the participation of people in public affairs was the ultimate way to survival and progression of the country in the constitutionalist thought. Moreover, the community and public (species) were recognized in debates. With respect to the advent of such unit, demand for participation in such generic, public unit was recognized. With the awakening and awareness of the public, the demand for participation in “the legislation and governance of respublica” was increased, being set as a “right and share”. In the aforementioned period of Iran’s Constitutionalism, and with respect to the advent of such new issue, a special category of law named Public Law was introduced as a new public law in Iran. In the present study, after explaining the first sign of advent of public and genre, and demand for participation in generic and public affairs, development of the concept was investigated as the origin of Public Law in Iran.

When a foreign investor is affected by armed conflict, the rules of international investment law on the protection of foreign investors and international humanitarian law on the protection of civilians, including foreign investors, are both valid and since there is no specific precedent in this regard, the arbitral tribunals may, at their discretion, in each case, prioritize one of them as special law and apply to the dispute. Given that the choice of each of these rules will result in a different level of protection for foreign investment, the main question of the present study is to determine which of the above rules is preferable to the other as special law and what are the implications of applying each one in such dispute and breach of which one can be invoked as the international responsibility of the host state to the investment. This paper analyzes the above question in an exploratory way to remove the legal gap regarding the conflict between international humanitarian law and international investment law in investment disputes arising from armed conflicts.

Mechanism ofexploitation of genetic resources in the High Seas and its benefits-sharing is one of the neglected issues in the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). Therefore, this issue was later raised in the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) by identifying genetic resources and Nagoya Protocol (2010) by its benefits-sharing. However, the identification of genetic resources and the its benefits-sharing in these Conventions on the Law of the Sea are limited to areas in jurisdiction of coastal states. New United Nations’ model to address these rules, with the requirements of the Convention on the Law of the Sea in the Area and the High Seas, faces the challenge of giving priority free access and the principle of the common heritage of humanity or vice versa and enjoying privileges and adherence to its constraints in this area, which is the subject and goal of this article. This paper based on descriptive-analytic approach to respond to this question, what is the approach of the Convention on the Law of the Sea to exploitation of genetic resources in the Area and High Seas and the its benefits-sharing? The findings of this research show that the two approaches of the Convention on the Law of the Sea include free access and the principle of the common heritage of humanity, which are also contagious and generalizable to marine genetic resources. Choosing either of these approaches, gives rise to privileges and the necessity to comply with their requirements.

In spite of Most, if not all the scholars believe that it is impossible to incorporate the clause for contract effect into the commercial instruments. Commercial law has not emphasized to being unconditional of all legal actions related to commercial instruments. Iranian national Law should be considered in order to articulate unconditional nature of the above mentioned actions and their scope Implicit terms of the commercial instruments in the Iranian Law have been reflected in articles 3 and 23 the cheque act and article 233 of the commercial code. In accordance with article 276 of the Iranian Commercial Code, the clause for contract effect suspension has been allowed in endorsement absolutely, such as guarantees of the bill of exchange. No rule has been laid down as to whether or not it is possible to suspend the dissolution of the legal actions related to the commercial instruments, the commercial code and the cheque act. The Key question is: What is the status of unconditional nature of the commercial instrument in Iranian law, and whether or not the effects or dissolution of all legal actions related to the dissolution of all legal actions related to the commercial instrument is seriously suspended except acceptance of the bill of exchange. The effects issuance of the bill of exchange contracts and promissory notes and endorsement contract and guarantee in all three commercial instrument may be suspended by the parties.

The constitution is one of the most important concepts in public law that many theories and interpretations have been put forward by jurists and scholars of political science and philosophy. John Rawls, a political philosopher and theorist of justice, has addressed some of the legal concepts associated with his theory in his grand theory of justice. One of these concepts is constitution that Rawls has taken this concept very carefully. He has attempted to address this concept using constitutional theory, especially in the United States and He has attempted to define, legitimate and amendment refine its various aspects. Because it is impossible to understand the constitution in the United States without constitutional review, Rawls also explored the important role this institution in the development and interpretation of the constitution. The constitution is so important to Rawls's thought that he also sees democracy in the light of this concept and defends constitutional democracy. This article has attempted to understand the constitution of Rawls by examining his writings

The present paper tries to take into account the polluter pays principle, to discuss challenges of civil liability of individuals under the Clean Air Act and to show how much this document, as a fundamental document in the air, suffers from deficiencies and gaps. Thus, the question has been answered: What is the challenges of implementing polluter pays principle in Iranian Clean Air Act 2017? Using descriptive-analytical method, these results are obtained, first; despite its long history and extensive jurisprudence and legal literature about the institution of ownership and property of jurisprudential principles, such as: principle of Non-Loss, but our legal and Jurisprudence traditions of immaterial property lacked a rich literature. The weakness, of course, was evident at the Clean Air Act which has failed because of the theoretical weakness and good legal mechanisms weakness about the public property. Secondly, to come over such a deficiency it seems that the foundation of the law needs to be reviewed concerning the concept of property (ownership and right) in the field of air. Thirdly, one cannot expect much from this Act, because the legislator discussed the phenomenon of public law (air) with the literature of private law.