فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 44 (بهار 1399)

In 333, Aleppo became the center of Shiite Hamdani rule by Saif al-Dawlah. The activity of this government in various dimensions has led to the proliferation of Shiites in this city. After the Hamdanids, the Mardasid Shiite dynasty ruled in this city. One of the dimensions of Shiite government and population in this city was civilization activities. The works of civilization created by the two Shiite governments Hamdanid and Mardasid and Shiite population of Aleppo, were such as: the development of economic activities and coinage, activities and development of architecture and urbanization, the maintenance and rehabilitation of the castle of the city, the construction and development of the site Shiite symbols. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explore the civilization and the effects of the remaining Shiite civilization in the city of Aleppo in the fourth and fifth centuries, using the sources of this period.

In this research,the reasons for the formation of Bushehr, Deylam and Rig ports during the Safavid period have been extracted from historical and geographical sources. The study of the fields of the emergence of these ports and their impact on the developments of the Persian Gulf from Safavid to Qajar periods was the reason for this research. This research was conducted in an analytical and library method along with surveying-field studies. The new and recent geographic and historical findings show that the emergence of these ports comes from following factors:The decline of ports adjacent to these ports, the presence of colonialism in the Persian Gulf, the climatic attractions of these ports, the inland plateau migration,
 the maritime route of ships and shelters and markets, the need to fight the colonialists.
Therefore, the historical sources examined in this study indicate that the emergence of these three ports was involved in the restoration and revitalization of Iranian naval authority in the Persian Gulf, and the significance of these ports is apparent in the development of maritime commerce, the development of military power of the country and the confrontation with the colonialists and the administrative, political, and social development of coastal cities.

Understanding the political-administrative structure that came out of the steppes of Mongolia in the thirteenth century and ruled over half the civilized world of its time has always occupied the minds of historians. From the beginning, the Mongols put their plans on the establishment of the government and its continuation, and for this purpose they created their own administrative system, albeit adapted from the government experiences of other more civilized nations. One of the practical systems used by the Mongols to maintain and expand their control over the conquered lands was the Tamma, which can be found in the early Mongol period, in Iran, Russia, and in the Golden Herd. This paper attempts to study the nature and function of the Tamma in Iran with a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on Persian sources and a critical view of previous researches. The findings of the study suggests that, despite the conformity of this structure with Iranian bureaucratic traditions that greatly facilitated the work of the Iranian and the Mongol bureaucrats, the different background of bureaucracy and the particular situation of Iran led to major difference in the functioning, overall life and fate of the Tamma in Iran, compared to other parts of

A turning point in Mamluk history, the third reign of Al- Nasir ibnn Qalawun, 1995, Amalia Levanoni, Leiden, New York, Koln, Instigators in doing good: power, piety, patriarchy, and royal women’s charitable endowments in Bahri Mamluk Cairo, 2013, Alexis Anne Lefort, The university of Texas at San Antonio, department of Anthropology Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court, 1984, Karl Stowasser, Muqarnas, Vol. 2, the art of the Mamluks ,Brill Popular responses to Mamluk fiscal reforms in Stria, 2008-2009, Bethany J. Walker, Bulletin d'études orientales, institut Francais du Proche-Orient Slaves, Wealth and Fear: An Episode from Late Mamluk-Era Egypt, 2009, Nur Sobers Khan, Oriens

The nature of political nationalism as a doctrine has a close relationship with the whole nation-state.
The beginning of king reza s shah monarchy meant atransition from theoretiocal modern king reza s kingdom a set of beliefs were proposed by thinkers and politicians of the time.
Later on these beliefs became the basis of the policies of ethnic nationalism and stablishing nation of reza khan s era. Ethnic nationalism can exist in government – nations that its nation has been constituted from an ethnic group.
In this process the policies of reza khan s modern state placed an effectine influence on Iranian national identity.
This article with analytical description method is specifying the role of nes government on ethnic groups.
Analyzing the documents show that the situathin of iran at the beginning of king reza s reigh helped to from a kind of extreme nationalism.
The altimate aim was to create a united country with one nation and language which wad in line with the national identity

Following late Qadjar era political and social changes, problems related to women and girls, especially those related to education, dress code, teenage marriage, and polygamy, were noticed by the elite and activists who were involved in social issues. Educating girls which was mainly on the basis of basic religious subjects, hardly contributed to the girls education in Iran then. Because of this, some women active in social affairs, tried to establish modern girls’ schools in Iran. In this study the researcher tries to represent the historical girls’ school establishment process in Mazandaran by examining primary sources from “constitutional revolution” to the end of Qadjar dynasty. In Mazandaran of Qadjar era, some women such as Molouk Kia in Barforoosh (today called Babol) and Fatemeh Vakili in Sari pioneered to establish the first girls’ school in Mazandaran. These schools have greatly contributed to the women and girls increasing role in scientific and social activities.

Imam Hassan (AS), as one of the Islamic caliphs and the Shiite imams, seems to have taken action in the field of political thought. Due to an inevitable process, he abandoned his legitimate and legal caliphate by concluding a peace treaty with his rival, Mu'awiyah. Many scholars have been studied and evaluated this action from the perspective of critique and causal analysis, however, it has not been considered from a civilization perspective so far. The present paper answers the focal question using a historical method and content analysis of the status of Imam's peace in civilization, in other words raises the question that “What is the status of such a peace treaty in civilization?” The hypothesis of the paper is that for the Imam's action, two fundamental civilization elements, namely public security and social convergence, played a central role as two strategic goals and that all costs were borne by him for this purpose