نشریه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 41 (زمستان 1398)

Since the France Great Revolution (1789) until now, relation between states and nations has become increasingly important and expanding. These relations base on political and legal framework as well as specific concept are separable. If we want to highlight two concepts or key-terms in relations between states and societies from the 19th century until now; they are IMPERIALISM and DEVELOPMENT. The division of states in the arena of international relations in 19th century until now is based on concepts of indicators of imperialism & development. This article is trying to rely on these two concepts and hereby analyzes the relations and positions between states and societies in the history bed of international relations. This analysis is against to one-sided debates that are thoroughly with negative, contentious and based on unilateral view (including Marxists and leftist to European nationalism and capitalism) which considers the opposite side as the factor of evil and depravity and in return ideologically but not scientifically analyzes the history and the relations between states and societies.

Ethnic diversity in Afghanistan is one of the main distinctive aspects of the socio-political structure and the root of many of its equations. However, lack of planning and proper utilization of various identity parameters such as language, religion and ethnicity have caused disagreements, dispersal and hostility among different ethnic groups and people. Factors such as the presence of extremist currents such as the Taliban have made smaller ethnic groups such as Hazaras face serious challenges in addition to some ethnic differences, including religious differences. In this paper, the descriptive-analytical method is attempted to answer the question of what is the status of Hazaras in the new era and what are the opportunities and challenges facing Hazaras? The hypothesis is that the Hazaras nowadays have many opportunities, such as the possibility of formal participation and participation in the political structure of power, the recognition of the Shia religion, but still with challenges such as security threats, cultural challenges. . The result of the study is that radical figures and currents in Afghanistan demand that the Hazaras remain in their traditional and ethnic structures and that they are not dispersed throughout the Afghan society under pretexts such as ethnic and religious differences.

After the military presence in Turkish politics ended, the AKP gained the opportunity to gain public trust in Turkey for nearly two decades. The history of Iran-Turkey relations as two effective neighbors in the Middle East shows that the relations between the two countries have always been up and down. So the question is, what are the main obstacles to the integration of Iran and Turkey in the AKP era? This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer this question by pointing out that Turkey's relations with Israel, the difference between the attitude of Iran and Turkey to the Syrian crisis, and the regional rivalry of the two countries in the Middle East are leading the way in the integration of the two countries. To explain this research, a theoretical framework of pragmatism with adherence to modernism in Turkish foreign policy is considered. The AKP's pragmatism in foreign policy has played a decisive role in Turkey's strategies and goals.

Cinema today plays an important role in cultural education and in addition to entertaining people, and sometimes this function has a preference over other practical aspects of cinema. Hollywood cinema is known as the hub of world cinema and plays an important role in advancing Western cultural goals and persuading public opinion on a variety of issues, including political, religious, economic, and so on. One of the western uses of Hollywood cinema has been to advance the goals of Islamophobia. In this research, the films have been analyzed and analyzed using the qualitative method of semiotic analysis and attempted to examine some of the features represented for Muslims by examining Hollywood productions. This study seeks to answer the question of how Hollywood describes Muslim faces. The purpose of this study is to understand the approach of Hollywood cinema and consequently the United States of America towards Islam and Muslims. Research findings suggest that among the features portrayed by Muslims in Hollywood films can be terrorist, savage, cruel, ruthless, ruthless, rational, cowardly, lawless, lustful, Johnny, vindictive and vengeful, etc. Cited. Of course, some of the good features, including family-friendliness, are also applied to Muslims.

Over the past two decades, China's energy diplomacy is rapidly changing and expanding. The rise of China and the Economic Growth have led to that this country to made great efforts to conserve energy resources and its security. However, recent geopolitical developments, such as the establishment of China’s new international institutions, have reinvigorated the field of China’s energy diplomacy. The purpose of this paper is the analysis the role, content, scope and importance of China's institutional procurement and identify some of its consequences on China's energy diplomacy to facilitating economic interdependence and Beijing's goals in the energy sector. The main question is how does China’s new international regimes (One Belt One Road Initiative) complement China’s energy diplomacy? By using Neo-Liberal Institutionalism theory this essay will show that China’s new international institutions are successful complements to China’s energy diplomacy, hence they provide China with institutional legitimacy, which increases its energy trade and investment opportunities and the most important consequence is creating a New World Order for Global Energy Governance.

Energy and its importance and role in diplomacy are invisible. According to the main issue of this article, Iran's relations with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, as a case in point, look at the role of diplomacy in securing energy in the context of regional political economy. "What is energy diplomacy in the context of a regional political economy with a focus on threats and opportunities?" Accordingly, the paper hypothesizes that "the implications of Iran's security-building relationship with Saudi Arabia and the UAE on energy diplomacy in the Middle East set the stage for unbalanced trends in the volume of confrontation and widespread threats to interactive situations and limited opportunities."The field of energy diplomacy has been in the context of regional political economy, which in the face of sanctions and economic pressure has led the Islamic Republic of Iran to use strategies such as purity and swap to circumvent sanctions.The paper's findings also show that Iran's relations with the Middle East, as well as traces of interaction between 2003 and 2019, are often based on a confrontation between the two sides. In this paper, descriptive-analytical method has been used by referring to the first category of library resources.