فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 86، پاییز 1398)

Iran is facing a problem of underdevelopment with regards to the Economics of Culture (EC) and is far from developing, developed, and even similar countries in this regard. EC develops with maintained order on the components of the economic, cultural, social and political subsystems and their relations with each other and as a result of quantitative and qualitative growth and diversity in the process of production, distribution and consumption of goods and cultural services. In the present article, development of EC and its relations with order in society have been studied through a comparative method between the top 10 advanced countries and the top 10 developed countries in EC and Iran. The results indicate that the more order in society, the more the increase of in said society. The correlation between order in society and the development of EC was r = 0.72, and 0.52 of the changes of EC is explained by order in society. In simultaneous explanation, changes of EC, and economic and cultural capital have the greatest potential for explanation. The Probability Interval Method showed that if Iran reaches a growth rate of 1.84 in economic capital, 4 in cultural capital, 1.6 in social capital and 1.64 in political capital,  it will reach an  EC in 2030 similar to that of advanced countries.

In the present paper, the transformations in Iranians’ memory (with an emphasis on their religiosity) is explained and the role of power relations is analyzed. For this purpose, three types of memory technologies (oral, literacy (print) and digital (electronic)) and their impacts on the formation of memory ecologies in different periods (pre-modern, modern, and the present) will be discussed. Then, the role of power relations in the production, accumulation, and transition of Iranian religious memory (or religious information, knowledge and rituals) is analyzed, based on the approach and method of "cultural analysis". It will be shown that with the transition to the modern era, the power of agency and role of Iranians in their religious memory shifted from the public toward the benefits of the intellectuals and the state. In fact, the argument is that in the modern era, the power of Iranians' memory production and reproduction in terms of redefining the position of religion declined, and instead the role of modern structures (such as literacy)— through the production of intellectuals’ meta-memories as well as the state—increased. However, as will be mentioned, with the advent of digital (or electronic) memory technologies in the production, accumulation, and transition of religious knowledge as well as memory, the Iranians’ memory ecology has been transformed once again, and thereby, the (religious) meta-memories are being replaced by the plural memories and the role of Iranian public agency in their religious memory is being restored.

For years researchers have associated the developmental problems of countries possessing natural resources like oil with the very fact of the possession of such resources. The numerous studies of this field have mostly focused on the theories of the Rentier State and the Resource Curse. Today, with the advent of empirical research and theoretical criticism, there is little doubt with regards to the shortcomings of the classic theories of the field. The latest research has also attempted to mitigate the extremes of the classic theories of rentierism which usually cover a limited scope of the suggested outcomes of rentierism, and such theories have not formed a comprehensive and elaborate theory, nor have they presented an appropriate ideal type of the rentier state for historical investigations. The present paper presents a critical survey of the literature on rentierism, focusing on one main question: how can this theory be improved? With respect to this question, at first, rentierism literature will be reviewed, then the institutionalist theory of Douglass North shall be introduced. By recognizing the advantages and disadvantages of both theories, the present paper goes on to formulate new conceptual framework named the "Rentier Limited Access Order". Not only is this framework rooted in both theories, but it also goes beyond them and delivers new insights with which rentier states can be studied.

Hooliganism, which can be construed as the violence of soccer fans, is a much serious and current phenomenon that brings about adverse effects in society. Therefore, the main questions of the present research are as follows: what factors affect hooliganism among soccer spectators and how? to what extent? The study employs a positivist approach, and the applied method is based on explanatory research, which is based on the data of a questionnaire handed out in September 2018, after making sure of the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The statistic population consisted of soccer fans in Tehran who were collected randomly based on Cochrane’s formula, the final number of the population being 442. The results are as follows: The environment, false emotions, facilities, and extrovert personalities are factors that affect and cause hooliganism. The environmental factor and the false emotional factor affect hooliganism directly and positively. The factors of' facilities and extrovert personalities affect the dependent variable indirectly. The factor of false emotions not only affect hooliganism directly, but they also affect it by affecting the environment.

The main goal of this article is to explicate the experience of social suffering in urban slums through a dialectic structure of social, historical, and spatial aspects of the construct of people living in urban slums. The study of slums requires a theoretical framework which emphasizes on the social aspects of life in such spaces. A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure, inhabited primarily by impoverished people. This research studies a slum called Naysar near Sanandaj city. Through critical ethnography, and by relying on concepts of “Social Suffering” and “The Space of Representation”, we study the lived experience of suffering of inhabitants. The findings show that there is a great degree of “Feeling Distaste for the Neighborhood”, “Distrust”, “Abandonment” and “Inability to Change the Situation” among inhabitants. These all are terms related to social suffering. Some other terms related with the hierarchy of domination are “Property Acquisition”, “The Functions of Urban Organization” and “the Disability of Inhabitants”. Finally, according to critical urban theory, “The Right to City” is the main concept which clarifies the situation of subaltern excluded people in slums. In slums like Naysar, a social movement is needed to resist the power of capital and interventions of state organizations in order to re-appropriate the urban spaces to subalterns.

The current paper analyzes the sociology of three fashions of women’s cheerful performances during the Qajar Dynasty. The genres or fashions include critical and traditional performances, socio-critical performances (lustful men), and social performances (lack of economic security). Two or three cases of the performances of each type are introduced and evaluated. One of the ways to study women's cheerful performances is through utilizing sociological concepts, thus to study the social status of women at the time of a male-centered society, Bourdieu’s masculine domination was employed. The present study was conducted through descriptive–analytical method, and the required information was collected through a library approach. According to the data collected, in order to escape the pressures imposed on them by society, women sought different methods, one of them being holding performances with women as their center to represent their own issues. The performances were an exhibition of concealed complexes which were manifested by the prejudices of a patriarchal society. The results show that exploring these performances is one of the effective methods of finding the roots of the effect of masculine domination of women.

There are three major paradigms in relation to the origin of nations; primordialism, modernism and ethic symbolism. It seems that the modernist paradigm considers the nation as a construct and the result of the bureaucratic processes of the state, and in line with this, Anderson`s ideas on the role of education in nation-building have expanded. Foucault`s discussions about the concept of governmentality on the creation of subjects as mediators of disciplinary institutions have also recently been addressed by researchers in this field. In this research, by using the concepts of these theorists and their methodology, the genealogy of education and nation-building in modern Iran is represented. At first, based on the genealogy in this research, the conditions for the emergence of the discourse of authoritarian nationalism in the late Qajar period were summarized. Then, the study explains minds and subsequently bodies were harmonized in the Reza Shah period. In this step, the method of materialization of this discourse is presented with the power of mediator, which shows itself in the curriculum, educational content, and educational processes. Finally, while explaining the conditions for the discovery of Iranian nationalism, the results showed that the two main concepts of homogenization of minds and homogenization of bodies with mediation on discipline were present.