فهرست مطالب

Basic & Clinical Pathophysiology - Volume:8 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2020

Journal of Basic & Clinical Pathophysiology
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2020

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/03/12
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
|
  • Hamed Amani, Hanif Kazerooni, Hossein Hassanpoor * Pages 1-8
    Background and Objective
    Biomaterials and nanomaterials have generated a great opportunity in regenerative medicine. Neurological disorders can result in permanent and severe derangement in motor and sensory functions. This study was conducted to examine the effects of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) as a chemical inducer for differentiation of PC12 cells into sympathetic-like neurons characterized by neurite outgrowth.
    Materials and Methods
    Size, surface charge, the shape of Se NPs and the morphology of hydrogels were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta sizer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. DAPI staining, RT-PCR and western blot assays were used to evaluate cell attachment and mRNA and protein levels of neuronal markers, respectively.
    Results
    The hydrodynamic size of Se NPs was about 33.55 nm and their surface charge was shifted from -24 to +3.4 mV. The morphological characterization demonstrated monodisperse spherical particles after coating with BSA. SEM images demonstrated that chitosan hydrogel containing Se NPs has suitable pore sizes for penetration of cells. DAPI staining and live/dead assay demonstrated the ability of cell attachment and biocompatibility of hydrogel, respectively. RT-PCR and western blot assays showed that neurite extension of differentiated PC12 cells can be linked to significantly increased mRNA levels of Map2, β-tubulin, increased protein levels of neurofilament-200 (NF200) as neuronal markers and decreased protein levels of ki67 protein as a proliferation marker.
    Conclusion
    Collectively, our findings show that Se NPs can act as a chemical inducer for the differentiation of PC12 cells into sympathetic-like
    Keywords: Selenium nanoparticles, Neuronal differentiation, Chitosan hydrogels, Nerve regeneration
  • Akbar Sheykhani, Mohammad Niakan *, Zahra Mottaghian, Zahra Salahi Pages 9-15
    Background and Objective
    Escherichia coli bacteria often causes infections in the gastrointestinal tract and other parts such as the urinary tract. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that causes infections in the skin, upper respiratory tract, and many parts of the body. In recent years, resistance to these bacteria has become one of the medical problems of antibiotics. Flowering herbs from the past are used to treat genital and gastrointestinal tract infections, and traditional herbal remedies are used to treat prostatic inflammation, gastric and intestinal ulcers, and lungs, kidneys and bladder problems. Hypericum perforatum is used to relieve the cough, symptoms of common cold, sputum, and healing wounds and injuries. Artemisia absinthium is beneficial for the treatment of arthritis, and inflammation of the spleen and hepatitis and the lavender plant is antiseptic. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of the extracts of these plants.
    Materials and Methods
    In this study, the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the above-mentioned plants on standard bacteria were studied. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were performed using standard methods. Serial dilution of the extracts was prepared. The extracts were then concentrated in water bath. Determination of hypersensitivity was done by disc diffusion method for each extract and the findings were analyzed.
    Results
    The results of this study showed that the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Artemisia absinthium on Escherichia coli and Achilles millefolium aqueous extract on Staphylococcus aureus have the highest effect. The antimicrobial effect of the aqueous extract of Ruta graveolens and alcoholic extract of Artemisia absinthium was more than the others.
    Conclusion
    The widespread use of antibiotics and drug resistance has led to more attention to medicinal plants. Some plants extracts have a significant antimicrobial effect. The plants studied in this study had an inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. It can be hoped that with further investigation of the various forms of the extracts, effective and safe drugs were obtained to control the bacteria.
    Keywords: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Medicinal plants extracts, Antibacterial effects
  • Zahra Babaei, Nikou Bahrami, Atefeh Kamali, Rasoul Kaviani, Iman Pouladi * Pages 16-20
    Background
    Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common human bacterial infections. The frequent use of antibiotics is associated with increased resistance of many bacterial agents to the treatment.
    Materials and Methods
    A total of 9456 urine specimens were collected from patients referring to Pol-e Dokhtar health centers. All urine samples were inoculated on blood agar plates (BAP) and eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar. Those specimens positive for selected pathogen were finally identified. The antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of the UTI pathogens to common antibiotics were determined using disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
    Results
    Out of 9456 investigated urine samples, 1036 samples (10.95%) were positive, of which 823 samples (79.4%) belonged to female subjects and 213 samples (20.6%) belonged to males. The most common identified urine tract pathogens were Escherichia coli (69.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.15%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.05%). Also, co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) displayed the highest antibiotic resistance (58.1%) and nitrofurantoin (90.1%) and gentamicin (88%) were shown to be the most frequent cause of sensitivity.
    Conclusion
    The findings of our study demonstrate that E. coli is the most common UTI pathogen. Given the high antibiotic resistance of co-trimoxazole, it is recommended to avoid indiscriminate consumption of this antibiotic and perform antibiogram tests for the treatment of UTIs.
    Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic resistance patterns, Escherichia coli
  • Zeinab Naseri *, Mohsen Khalili, Keyvan Daneshi Pages 21-27
    Background and Objective
    Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is one of the effective methods for treatment of depression. Regarding the stimulatory effect of glutaminergic system on the progression of depression, the effect of ketamine as one of the most important inhibitors of this system has been investigated on the effectiveness of ECT. Given the fundamental role of pre-frontal cortex on changing the mood of depression-related behaviors in depressed patients, the effects of ketamine with ECT on this cortex were taken into account in this study.
    Materials and Methods
    For this purpose, 50 male rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into five equal groups, and except the control group, the other ones were depressed by CUMS method. Then, three groups of depressed rats were treated in different ways (ECT, ketamine, and combined ECT and ketamine). Finally, behavioral parameters were measured.
    Results
    The combination of ketamine and ECT could reduce prefrontal depression like behaviors by testing of: sucrose intake increased, the total immobility rate also decreased and open field behaviors increased.
    Conclusion
    According to this study, the modification of behavioral parameters in rats treated with ECT and ketamine indicates the specific effect of electroconvulsive and ketamine therapy in modifying the mood and depression behaviors and behavioral test are showing the alleviation of depression signs. Electroconvulsive therapy in depressed rats with ketamine injection is recommended.
    Keywords: Depression, Ketamine, Electroconvulsive therapy, Rat
  • Maryam Khorasani, Zahra Kiasalari, Reihane Ghasemi, Marzieh Fakour, Sedigheh Keshtkar, Mehrdad Roghani * Pages 28-34
    Background and Objective
    Anti-inflammatory property of nobiletin (NOB) is proven and neuroinflammation is involved in triggering and progression of neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor features including psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study to investigate whether oral nobiletin administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg has the ability to alleviate non-motor behavioural changes including depression and anxiety-like behaviors in LPS-induced model of PD in rat.
    Materials and Methods
    For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats (195-245 g) were divided into four groups (n=8) as follows: Sham-operated group, nobiletin-treated sham-operated group (sham+NOB), lesion group (LPS) and nobiletin-treated lesion group (LPS+NOB). LPS (5 μg/kg) rat was unilaterally injected into the SN of rat brains through standard stereotaxis, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (to generate a neuroinflammatory model of PD), with or without NOB (10 mg/kg administrated daily for 1 week after surgery, via gavage). Behavioral assessment was carried out one week after surgery by assessment of performance in forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests.
    Results
    NOB-treated LPS group showed significant decrease in immobility time and insignificant increase in the percentage of open arm spending time as compared with LPS group which demonstrate the anti-depressant like effect of NOB in inflammatory model of PD in rats.
    Conclusion
    Taken together, this study demonstrated that nobiletin as an anxiolytic and anti-depressive agent in the LPS-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease.
    Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Nobiletin, Neuroinflammation, Behavioral changes, Lipopolysaccharide
  • Samira Geravand, Manizheh Karami * Pages 35-41
    Background and Objective
    Ethanol has undesirable effects on memory and synaptic communication. However, its impact on the learned spatial memory is unclear. We investigated the damaging effects of ethanol on place neurons of rat’s hippocampal CA1.
    Materials and Methods
    Sixty four male Wistar rats (250 g) were administered high (1-8 g/kg) or low (0.05-0.1 g/kg) doses of ethanol intraperitoneally (i.p.) and tested (10 min) for the novelty-seeking behavior using the place conditioning box. Sniffing, rearing, grooming, and compartment entering was compared between the first and the last stage, during which the animals had accessibility to the whole device. During the acquisition phase, the rats daily received ethanol (i.p.) and confined in one side of the device for 40 min. The control group solely received saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.). The achievements were analyzed by ANOVA under α = 0.05.
    Results
    The ethanol-acquired animals with the high doses did not recall the information of the familiarization day and displayed a high tendency toward the non-confined side of the box. The rats also showed a reduction in place neuron synaptic strands.
    Conclusion
    Ethanol disrupts spatial memory and also diminishes CA1 place neuron’s fibers.
    Keywords: Ethanol, Acquisition, Novelty-seeking behavior, CA1, Place neuron
  • Faezeh Rezaei, Batoul Rahmati *, Maryam Malakian, Mohsen Khalili, Mahdi Alizadeh Pages 42-46
    Background and Objective
    Physical activity has long been associated with mental health. Nepeta menthoides is a native Iranian herb recently acknowledged for its anti-depressant properties. This study attempted to determine and compare the effects of swimming exercise and Nepeta menthoides on reserpine-induced depression in rats.
    Materials and Methods
    Male rats (n=80) were assigned to 8 groups: 1-Saline, 2-Reserpine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p. for 14 days) 3-Swimmig Exercise( 30 min swimming sessions daily for 2 weeks ) 4-Nepeta (200 mg/kg), 5-Reserpine+Nepeta, 6-Reserpine+Swimming exercise, 7-Reserpine+Nepeta+Swimming exercise, 8-Reserpine+Fluoxetine, Finally, the behavioral tests including sucrose preference, elevated plus maze and open field were performed.
    Results
    Obtained data showed that depressed rats which were treated with Nepeta, exercise or both of them expressed higher preference for sucrose relative to reserpine group and their locomotor activity was also significantly improved. However, combined Nepeta+Exercise could not significantly antagonize the effect of reserpine on time spent in the open arms of elevated plus maze, but Nepeta in particular displayed marked anti-anxiety effect.
    Conclusion
    Combined treatment with Nepeta+exercise as the same as only Nepeta or exercise was able to alleviate anhedonia and low activity in depressed rats. Nevertheless, Nepeta alone could significantly improve reserpine-induced anxiety.
    Keywords: Depression, Reserpine, Swimming Exercise, Nepeta menthoides