Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2020

Central Nervous System (CNS) is one of the most important organs which is managing so many functions in human body. So, impairment of its function may results in several disorders in body, or CNS diseases, which are considered very important. CNS diseases are divided into many different groups and each group is treated with its own related medication. Some drugs that are used for treating CNS impairments have disadvantages like short length effect, renal and digestive toxicities and restrictions in pharmaceutical form. Some other drugs may cause complications worse than disease itself so the scientist shouls find the ways to solve these problems.

first “Scopus”, “PubMed”, and “ScienceDirect” were searched with the keywords “CNS”. “CNS diseases” and “lipid based nanoparticles” and the whole articles were collected; then the most irrelevant and inappropriate articles was removed and 105 articles were remained; at the last section of article selection the best articles was selected from the 105 articles that were remained and the finally selected articles were reviewed and this article was written.

The review of many important articles and summarizing them was shown that the scientists and drug designers have used many ways to overcome all or some of the disadvantages of the CNS drug delivery (as mentioned above) and they found that one of the best ways to fix these bugs is using lipid-based nanoparticles in nanotechnology field.

Size of nanoparticles is an important parameter in determining many of their properties. In this work, nanoparticles of β-1,3-glucan containing doxorubicin (Dox) in conjugated and unconjugated forms (Con-Dox-Glu and Un-Dox-Glu, respectively) were prepared. Then, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to find the effect of different formulation/processing parameters on their particle size, which was measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The parameters included ratio of Dox/Carrier as well as concentrations of polyethyleneimine (PEI), NaOH and succinic anhydride (Sa). To do so, fifty samples having different values of the four parameters were prepared and their particle size was measured. The data were divided randomly into training, test and unseen data. The ANN model demonstrated that in both conjugated and unconjugated forms, Dox/Carrier ratio is the dominant factor determining the particle size. Also, concentration of PEI showed to be important in determining particle size of unconjugated form of the nanoparticles. The remaining parameters indicated no considerable effect on the particle size

As encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs in the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) is still a challenging issue, the aim of this study was to prepare SLNs containing tramadol hydrochloride as a hydrophilic compound.The SLNs were prepared using glycerol monostearate (GMS), soy lecithin and tween 80 by double emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. The nanoparticles were optimized through a central-composite response surface (RSM) method. The independent variables were GMS/lecithin ratio and the amount of drug while dependent responses were size, polydispersity index (PdI) and zeta potential. The optimized nanoparticles were then freeze dried and their morphology was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, the in vitro drug release profile from nanoparticles was evaluated and the kinetic of the release was determined. The particle size, PdI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and loading efficiency of the optimized SLNs were 13117.25 nm, 0.210.013, -11.2 1.04 mV, 89.42.38% and 9.49±0.14%, respectively. TEM images revealed de-agglomerated spherical nanoparticles. In vitro release studies showed sustained release of tramadol over 72 h and the release kinetic was best fitted to the first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The obtained results indicated that tramadol as a hydrophilic drug can appropriately entrap in the solid lipid nanoparticles exhibiting favorable physico-chemical properties.

The study aims at synthesizing silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus along with the evaluation of its antioxidant, free radicals scavenging, and reducing power properties. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized X-Ray diffractometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antioxidant, free radicals and reducing power activity were determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, hydroxyl radicals scavenging, superoxide scavenging and reducing power activity methods. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by Cymbopogon citratus extract that was confirmed by visible color changes of solution and spectral analysis. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles having a surface plasmon resonance band centered at 450 nm were characterized using different techniques. The data obtained from SEM and TEM revealed the formation of spherical shape nanoparticles with size ranging from 5-35 nm in diameter while XRD suggested highly crystalline nanoparticles having Bragg’s peak at (111), (200) and (220) plane. FTIR confirmed the presence of various function groups in the extract and on the surface silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles had greater antioxidant, free radicals scavenging and reducing power activity than Cymbopogon citratus extract while lesser activity than vitamin C.

Lead is a very strong poison in the environment. Lead toxicity can be affected on the human body and caused disease. Therefore, the design of lead sorbent can be had the great help to the medical field. In this work, the nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA) was used for removal of lead from aqueous solution. Then, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposite was modified with n-HA by simple preparation method as lead sorbent.

The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), BET surface area, and Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The effect of parameters including pH and temperature of solution, amount and concentration of sorbent was investigated on lead absorption.

FE-SEM results confirmed that the samples are in nano scale. The lead absorption was approved by UV–Vis spectroscopy and BET surface area. The absorption value was increased by increase of concentration, pH, and temperature.

This work focuses on preparing an efficient lead sorbent system based on nanohydroxyapatite and its polycaprolactone nanocomposite. The results indicate that this nanocomposite can have a good potential to develop different adsorbents.

The annual incidence of cancer in the world is growing rapidly. The most important factor in the cure of cancers is their early diagnosis. miRNA, as a biomarker for early detection of cancer, has attracted a lot of attention.

In this study, an electrochemical biosensor was developed to detect the amount of miR-106a, the biomarker of gastric cancer, by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a composite of graphitic carbon nitride and gold nanoparticles. Complementary DNA strand of miR-106a which modified with biotin was used as a probe. Nanoparticles of titanium phosphate modified with Streptavidin and zinc ions were used to generate the electrochemical signal in square wave voltammetry. To characterize the g-C3N4 functional group, the chemical composition of the titanium phosphate nanoparticles, the morphology and elemental composition of composite Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used, respectively.

The peaks of C, N, and Au in EDS spectrum confirmed composite formation. The linear range and detection limit of the modified biosensor for miRNA-106a were obtained from 0.6 to 6.4 nM and 80 pM, respectively.

Ultimately, Au nanoparticles/ g-C3N4 composite modified electrode can be a good platform for making electrochemical biosensor to diagnosis cancer in early stages.

Nowadays, examining the toxicity of nanoparticles including the synthesized and functionalized iron nanoparticles using methods like green synthesis is highly considered, due to their increasing usage in various fields of medicine, biology, industrial, and pollution removal. Hence, in this study, the toxicity of the zero valent iron nanoparticles synthesized by plant-Myrtus communis (MC-ZVINP) was investigated.

Human normal Foreskin Fibroblast (HFF) cells were used for cytotoxicity examination using MTT method. Also, biochemical factors such as liver enzymes level, and factors such as the number of white and red globules, lymphocytes, platelets, amount of blood hemoglobin, and histopathological test of liver tissue in laboratory small rats were examined after intraperitoneal injections of the MC-ZVINP with different concentrations daily and a duration of 3-month, with the groups receiving trivalent iron, the extract of plant-case, and normal saline.

Cytotoxicity concentration of iron-case nanoparticles was obtained for 50% of HFF cells (CC50=149.23±4.45μg/mL). The results obtained from the blood factors examination showed a decreased the serum level of liver enzymes as well as an increase in the number of red and white globules and hemoglobin rate in mice receiving iron nanoparticles compared to the trivalent iron receiving group. Receiving the concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw of iron nanoparticles have caused the incidence of mild and moderate inflammation in the liver of mice.

Generally, it can be concluded that, the MC-ZVINP have shown no significant toxicity on the levels of blood cells, enzymes, and liver tissue.

Active species used in bio-chemical for synthesizing nanoparticles is poly phenolic compounds. The ability of flavonoids (e.g. quercetin) to dissolve in water is low and the production of metallic nanoparticles from them in the aqueous medium is hard. Previous studies recommend that quercetin was not capable of reducing Ag+ to Ag0. The current research aimed at synthesizing quercetin-mediated silver nanoparticles (Q-AgNPs) and evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Q-AgNPs in vitro.

The green synthesis of Q-AgNPs in an aqueous medium has been demonstrated. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by several analytical techniques of imaging and spectroscopic. The improved antioxidant activity of Q-AgNPs (DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging and iron chelating assay) was determined by the colorimetric method. Possible biomedical applications such as antioxidant and anticancer activities of Q-AgNPs have been assessed.

The DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of Q-AgNPs was found to be (IC50=46.47±1.79 and 30.64±3.18μg/mL, respectively). Q-AgNPs exhibited better iron chelating activity than standard EDTA (IC50=3.12 ±0.44μg/mL). Significant anticancer activity of Q-AgNPs (IC50=57.42μg/mL) was found against HepG2 cell lines after 24-hour exposure. Furthermore, the antifungal activity (MIC = 4, 8 and > 64 μg/mL) was found against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively.

The present method is a competitive option to produce multifunctional nanoscale hybrid materials with higher efficiency and using natural sources for diverse biomedical applications such as antioxidant and anticancer activities.

Herein we report the possibility of using green and red emitting silica-coated cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) for remarkable stem and cancer cellular imaging, efficient cellular uptake and fluorescence imaging of semi and ultra-thin sections of tumor for in vivo tumor targeted imaging applications. The comparative studies of high contrast cellular imaging behaviours of the silica-coated CdSe QDs with green and red emission have been exploited to visualize rabbit adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (RADMSCs) and human cervical cancerous (HeLa) cells in vitro. The in vitro cellular uptake characteristics of QDs were performed in cultured HeLa cells using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (cLSM) after staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The in vitro cellular imaging and uptake results showed that green and red emitting silica-coated CdSe QDs were efficiently taken up by the cells and exhibits excellent fluorescence from the cytoplasm. Subsequently, the in vivo tumor targeting was conducted using both QDs, of Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells bearing solid tumor mice. Fluorescence imaging and effective tumor targeting characteristics of QDs at tumor site were confirmed by the semithin (~15 µm thickness) and ultrathin sections of tumor (~100 nm thickness) under cLSM. Overall, these in vitro and in vivo results are represented with focus on efficient cellular imaging, cellular localization and even distribution of the green and red emitting silica-coated CdSe QDs in tumor, and comparatively red emitting is exhibits higher fluorescence than green emitting one, in view of their potential applications in cellular imaging in cancer and other diseases.

Skin is the body's first defense line against environmental pathogens. However, open skin wounds can interfere with the normal function of the skin and the entry of opportunistic bacteria into the body. Recently, the development of nano-dressing containing green antibiotics has been received much attention around the world. In this study, the essential oil of Citrus sinensis (CSEO) was used as an antibacterial agent. The ingredients of CSEO were identified by GC-MS analysis with five major components of Limonene (61.83%), trans-p-2, 8-Menthadien-1-ol (4.95%), Trans-Limonene oxide (2.29 %), Cis- Limonene oxide (2.58 %), and trans-Carveol (2.90%). Nanogel of CSEO was prepared by the addition of a gelling agent (carbomer 940 2%) to its optimum nanoemulsion with a particle size of 125 ± 4 nm. Also, electrospun nanofibers of polycaprolactone with a mean diameter of 186 ± 36 nm were prepared. Characterization of the nanofibers, including SEM, ATR-FTIR, and contact-angle measurement, were carried out. After that, the nanogel was impregnated on the surface of the nanofibers, NGelNFs. Interestingly, NGelNFs completely inhibited the growth (~ 0%) of four important human bacteria strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The prepared prototype, NGelNFs, can be used as a potent antibacterial agent. Furthermore, this work introduced an effective and new method for the preparation of green antibacterial agents as well as antibiotic-free wound dressings.