نشریه مطالعات جمعیتی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان 1398)

The aim of this paper is to assess the trend and age –sex pattern of potential improvement of Iran’s life expectancy by eliminating three major causes of death (cardiovascular disease, cancers and unintentional injuries) in recent decade. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the mortality, epidemiologic and health transitions. The data employed for the years 2006 and 2015 in the whole country were derived from the Death Register System of the Ministry of Health & Medical Education. After correcting of under enumeration, the data was analyzed using multiple decrement life tables, decomposition method and potential gain in life expectancy by eliminating major causes of death. Results showed that the possibility of improving life expectancy by eliminating cardiovascular disease was decreased in 2015 compare to 2006, but its role remains significant. Moreover, reduced possibility of improving this index due to unintentional accidents for both genders are evident. In contrast, the possibility of improving life expectancy has increased by eliminating cancers for both genders. In addition, life expectancy at older ages, especially during elderly has been improved by elimination of cancers. These results are indicative of some evidence of the country's entry into the fourth stage of epidemiological transition and the second stage of health transition (cardiovascular revolution).

The purpose of this article is to examine the motivating factors for the tendency to register demographic events in Kurdistan province. The theoretical model were formulated based on the theories of planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire in 2018. The data were collected from 366 household heads in Sanandaj, Baneh, and Kamyaran. The sample was selected using a combination of different sampling methods and the data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results show that the willingness to register the demographic events, as well as the knowledge of access to registration centers and facilities, the rules and regulations of event registrations and the norms of registration is relatively high among the study sample. The multivariate analysis showed that in addition to demographic variables, the three indicators of: awareness of the registration rules, attitude to registration, and understanding of their norms are significant predictors of willingness to register in the model respectively, and they explain 27% of the changes of the dependent variable. The policy outcome of this study is the necessity for cultural and informational work by the government and other organizations involved in recording events and providing timely and accurate information, efforts to improve citizens' understanding of registration norms, and efforts to create a positive attitude to the registration of these events.

This research presents a narration of  gender differences in elderly to understand multiple experiences using a critical and feminist gerontology theory. The qualitative method using semi-structured interview technique was used and  the voice and narration of elderlies in Tehran was listened (42 elderly). Finally, interview data were coded and categorized using thematic analysis method. Research results have shown that gender differences in aging depends on differences in economic capital (family assets ownership, job opportunity, retirement and income independence, economic responsibility), cultural and symbolic capital (education, cultural skills, health literacy, social status and social credibility, social capital (social relations, family capital) and health capital (physical health, psychological health, sexual health and social health) of the elderly men and women. Hence, ageing is not an identical experience among men and women and can be different experiences based on access to the capitals or inequality of the capitals. Accumulation of these capitals in the life course is based on gender differences and finally, these accumulated capitals make ageing life different between men and women.

An increase in life expectancy was due to scientific advances in the health sector, which began with the developed economies and quickly had repercussions in developing countries. From among the results of such development,  was an increase in population and changes in population age structure towards older ages. Population aging will have significant impact on macro-economic factors including income distribution.  This study evaluates the impact of the age structure on the income distribution, over the period of 1985 to 2015 in Iran. The “Gini coefficient decomposition” based on household expenditure (income) in urban and rural areas shows that; with increasing age of the head of the households, income inequality increases. Thus, even if other influential forces on inequality, such as inflation, economical recission, etc. are stopped,  the populations aging could be a potential factor for the future growth of inequality and poverty. Hence, for an economy which has an unequal pattern in income distribution, and experiencing a rapid population transition, the population ageing can be an important challenge in the policy making of economic growth.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors affecting the inequality of income distribution in Iran with emphasis on the role of migration and urbanization during the period 1695-1695. For this purpose, the data of the Time Series Database (Country Censuses, International Transparency Site) and the World Bank have been used. For this analysis, Vector Autoregressive Model, Johansson-Juselius method and Vector Error Correction Model have been employed. Regarding to results, the effect of the variables’ coefficients is coincident based on the theoretical foundations and statistically significant. Also the coefficient of the error correction method indicates that about 0.62 of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period to achieve the long-term equilibrium. Further, on the one hand, in the long run, one percentage increase in the GDP and literacy rates, respectively leads to 0.78 and 1.87 percentage decrease in the income inequality and on the other hand, a one percentage increase in the corruption, inflation, unemployment rate, urbanization rate and migration rate, leads to 2.3, 1.17, 1.53, 2.78, and 4.38 percentage increase in the income inequality, respectively.  Hence, from among the mentioned variables, the effect of migration rates on income inequality is greater than for other variables.

The schools' environment and educational curriculum are considered to be the most important mechanisms available to increase the cultural adaptation of immigrant students. To this end, an attempt has been made in this study to analyze and clarify the adaptation of Afghan immigrant students. The data of the study was adapted from a survey conducted in Shiraz, in which 380 Afghan students aged 13 to 18 were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between adaptation and the variables of discrimination, satisfaction, sense of belonging to Iran, acceptance of the host community, parental emphasis on indigenous culture, national identity and mother's birthplace. The results of the regression model also showed that the variables of parental emphasis on indigenous culture, national identity, sense of belonging to Iran, satisfaction and mother's place of birth are the main determinants of adaptation. On the basis of the findings, it can be concluded that in line with efforts to reduce discrimination in the school environment, implementing educational programs to help better understanding of the culture of host community and increasing the interaction of immigrants with non-immigrants can contribute to greater adaptation of immigrants.

The present paper aims to study the socialization and internalization of early marriage among Afghan migrant women living in Yazd. The study has been conducted through a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Data were collected among 20 Afghan migrant women living in Yazd through in-depth interviews. Findings show that early marriage occurs in a context where the tradition of early marriage is transmitting from one generation to the next one through social learning, and this phenomenon is made by issues such as generational homogeneity in marriage, and the significant role of mothers in education of children and the values transmission. So that the time and the form of marriages, do not show significant generation difference due to the dominance of traditional-social thoughts and socialization as a factor has also contributed to its stabilization. However, these women, due to their experience of early marriage and the relative dissatisfaction with it, looking for their unattainable desires and demands for their children in an utopian future. Early marriage may gradually change over time as a result of mental and attitudinal shifts, however, social values and past-rooted traditions continue to play an active role in intergenerational reproduction of early marriage.