نشریه بحوث فی اللغه العربیه
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Language in the Republic of Azerbaijan has been evolved as needed, and in order to build the vocabulary and develop the concepts and expression of intentions in national and international arenas, it has either benefited from the native language or borrowed vocabulary from Arabic. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of Arabic vocabulary in Azeri language in terms of structural (phoneticmorphological) and semantic transformations. The words were classified into main and secondary categories, and their selection was random through the study of newspapers, books, scientific and literary articles and the observation of mass media. Thus, the results were: First, the two letters of Hamza (ء) and Ayin (ع) do not have an equivalent in the Azeri Latin alphabet. The Azeri linguistic rule is to convert kasra to ‘i’, not to pronounce’ه’, and to express ‘ü’ with damma. Second, the construction of some words is due to the fact that words may not be used interchangeably in Arabic, although they are common in Azeri. Third, the semantic transformation of some words by virtue of the transition to figurative meaning has given rise to homonyms. Some words only have a semantic transformation, and there is sometimes a subtle figurative relationship among words. The word used in the Azeri language has a specific meaning, but it has a semantic extension in Arabic. Some words can have a new meaning in the Azeri language, while not in Arabic. Sometimes a word is common in both languages and has the same meaning. Sometimes the two words used in the Azeri language have the same meaning, which is not the case in Arabic.

The outstanding status of syntax knowledge among other Arabic language sciences is confirmed by all the scholars active on the field of correct reading of the holy Quran and standard listening and speaking of Arabic language. The most crucial signs of this elegant status are the abundance of syntactic writings and their explanations or marginal descriptions, along with the advent of various syntactic schools from the past times. The main motive of scholars in this respect was to write a book simplifying learning of Arabic language grammar. In order to understand these texts and acquire an organized method for writing academic books, we need to become familiar with the authors' style of writing. It is logical to recognize that methodology is the only way to reveal writers’ style and its academic characteristics and to determine a way to the reader to internalize the texts better, thus the real value of the texts will be distinguished. Among syntax book writers, some have written, for some reason, an explanation about their work. One of the beneficial features of this type of explanation on their writings is the similarity of the original text method and its description, as if both of them are one book. This type of writing broadens our view on book methodology. Therefore, in order to investigate these types of explanations which grammarians have written on their writings, ‘Mothol- al- Moqarrab’ written by ‘Ibn Osfoor Eshbilli’ was selected. It is the first type of explanation and one of the most unknown one as well. The present research is based on a descriptive-analytical method and attempts to become acquainted with the content of ‘Mothol- al- Moqarrab’ and ‘Ibn Osfoor’ style for writing it, his syntactic school, the way he organized the chapters and discussions in ‘Moqarrab’, and, finally, the educational value of the description to increase its learning pathways. And one of the most important achievements is the recognition of the manifestations of the teaching method, and the two methods of induction (first proposing instance and then grammatical rule explanation) and exploration (proposing question and answer), along with the avoidance of intellectual definitions and controversy among syntacticians. Ibn Osfoor’s main method in syntax principles is similar to Basrian method.

The cases of enna and anna are telling examples of the normative tradition in Arabic syntax. Grammarians believe that enna and anna are both emphatic. According to them, anna can be infinitive, too, and enna is never used infinitively. The main purpose of this article is to show that enna can be used infinitively as well as emphatically and anna is not emphatic but appears at the beginning of a nominal sentence, changing it to an infinitivized sentence. For the sake of clarity for readers, this article explains the conditions of fat'h anna and kasr enna, when they are obligatory and when they are just allowed or being optional. This, very well, shows the prescriptiveness of the traditional Arabic grammars. The article pivots around two points: the first is the reasons that enna is emphatic, and the second is that the claim that enna is never used infinitively is not true. The article uses the descriptive style of Arabic syntax, which stresses the description of language not the application syntactic prescriptions or the close relationship between sounds and meaning. The article proves that there is no justification for anna to be used emphatically and there is no obstacle for enna occasionally used infinitively in the middle of sentences. The article deals with an important point that it is not important whether or not changing to infinitive is possible; what is important is the position of the sentences with enna and the meaning which comes to the mind.

Rhetoric scholars and enthusiasts of miracles of Quranic expressions have always been seeking to elicit semantic delicacies in the Quran by utilizing the latest achievements of linguistic sciences. Similar verses of the Quran, which scholars believe contain semantic development, are among the arguments of opponents of literary miracles. This article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to study the viewpoint and style of Fazel Saleh Alsamerai (an Iraqi scholar) in rejecting doubts over the miracles by relying on Quranic Stories. He has applied the two sciences of rhetoric and syntax in explaining his views and has justified similar verses. Studying the story of Moses (PBUH) in two books of Quranic Interpretation and Lamesat Bayaniah clarifies that Fazel’s viewpoint is based on the similar structure and categorization which had been mentioned in similar verses. Alsamerai, studying the results of past scholars, put together similar verses to both reject synonymies and explain the purpose, rhetoric, and literary miracle of the Quran, especially its artistic image using the word context, repetition, and appropriateness.

Undoubtedly, Arabic poetry, by utilizing its artistic aesthetics, can be a good basis for reflecting the poets’ ideas in a hard and firm context. This study seeks to find aesthetic examples in the poems of Saleh al-Kawaz al-Halli about Fatima al-Zahra (PBUH) and to examine the stylistics of those poems in three phonetic, morphological, and syntactic levels. This research uses the stylistic method because it has features such as extracting meanings from linguistic phenomena in the text. At the phonetic level, we have found that very long voices have been used more with the motive of expressing distress and remembrance of the Prophet (PBUH) than the short and soft voices. At the morphological level, the poet, with his special taste for expressing the greatness and importance of this issue, has used verb conjugation (fa`al) to emphasize its exaggeration and its plurality. The use of this verb is in line with the general atmosphere of the poem. At the syntactic level, the poet has used the emphasis in various ways to pay attention to the historical events that have been described in the text by the enemies of the Prophet (PBUH) and his family.

Anderson & Krathwohl’s Taxonomy is, in fact, the revised taxonomy of Bloom that has been used for nearly half a century as a valid framework for educational issues. This classification is one of the most well-known classifications used extensively in recent years to evaluate textbooks, and many researchers from all over the world have referred to it in the field of education. Therefore, the present study has selected the cognitive levels and types of knowledge presented in this classification as a tool to study the four volumes of the book ‘Mabadi Al-Alarabiyyah’ (the Principles of Arabic) by Rashid Al-Shartooni to examine the distribution of cognitive levels and the four types of knowledge in the exercises related to the ‘syntax’ section relying on the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, the present study provided the descriptive statistics of the frequency of replicates and the percentage of cognitive levels in the exercises and classified them based on the research tools. The aim of this study was to analyze the cognitive levels of exercises and to examine their appropriateness to the goals mentioned in the teaching curriculum of the syntax course as one of the important educational materials in some academic fields of Iran. The results showed that the exercises have not been distributed in a continuous and coherent form, so that a significant part of them are related to the level of ‘use’ and executive knowledge which is exclusively one of the objectives of the syntax course, namely the recognition of Arabic words and phrases and the use of syntactic rules in new situations in educational topics.

Signs are tangible and visible phenomena implied by a relationship with an absent phenomenon. Semiotics is a science that examines the types of signs, the factors involved in the process of their production, exchange, and their interpretation as well as the rules governing the signs. Non-verbal communication is one of the branches of semiotics that encompasses a variety of people's motor behaviors including facial expressions, body movements, gestures, and conversational adjustment movements. This type of communication has six functions of complementing, denying, repeating, controlling, substituting, and emphasizing. In this regard, the present study sought to examine the novel Mawton Saqiron written by Mohammed Hassan Alvan, a contemporary Saudi writer, from the point of view of non-verbal communication symptoms including facial expressions, eye states, hand and head movements, and so on. The significance of the present novel dates back to its selection as a Poker Prize in 2017, and its semantic review has been a major necessity of the present study. The results showed that scholars have benefited most from hand, face, and head posture along with their related functions. The author has used these modes to express issues such as anger, fear, anxiety, and distress. Along these, other modes and organs are also involved in delivering the author’s messages. Most of these messages also have a succession function.

The technique of rotation is one of the most important elements of contemporary poetry in a way that its function is not limited to the rhythm. Rather, it has a semantic function. Therefore, this technique has become particularly important due to conveying subtle meanings and emotions of the speaker. Therefore, the study of this phenomenon is considered necessary due to its semantic function and its important role in expressing the beauties of poetry and its music. Based on the descriptive-analytical and statistical methods, the present study aimed to examine the rotation technique and the way it has been used in Hayatleh's poems with the focus on both phonetic and semantic structures. The research findings showed that Hayatleh in the phonetic structure has benefited from a complete unit about 78.21%, and the reason behind it was the phonetic peak resulted from the repetition of ‘Mutafāʿilun’ units. The poet's inclination to Zahaf (deletion) in units about 63.82% indicated his concern for phonetic diversity, and its eruption to get rid of the monotony caused by rotated complete units. In many cases, Hayateleh has used other phonetic techniques such as synthetic parallelism, repetition, and variable free rhymes to intensify the phonetic space and made it cohesive and enriched. But, in the semantic structure, the poet aimed at drawing the reader's attention to the rotated word and emphasizing its semantic importance. In this respect, the poet has used this technique as a semantic concentration. The semantic axes in the rotation included stability and solidity, patriotism, murder and crime, and idealistic positive themes.

Ziyarat Ashura is one of the most important political documents and is the roadmap of all Shiites who are committed to the principles of world civilization on which the Shiite ideology with all its goals and ideals is based. Ziyarat Ashura is based on strong evidence and documents and is thought to be from the Infallibles (AS) or the Holy Hadith revealed by God. What is important is that it deals with war and peace, peace and revenge, revolution and commitment, and that all these concepts are weaved together by artistic-semantic representations. This research was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method to show how Ziyarat Ashura has been compiled with a meaningful expressive formula and contains examples of creative writing and attitude, which occurs only by quoting such semantic coding and, in fact, presents its meaning to readers in a more reliable way. The results showed that Ziyarat Ashura has been uniquely used in attracting audiences to semantic groups in the use of Arabic expressive capabilities, and the use of signs that have the greatest expressive and volumetric power with their semantic multiplicity. We also see practical semantic application patterns in Ziyarat Ashura through which the meaning is made available to the audience in a more tangible form. This issue is evident in chronological patterns and the use of nominal aspects instead of descriptive and meaningful aspects in expressing cursing methods. Finally, a set of significant signs and strategic semantic signs can be seen in Ziyarat Ashura. The semantic composition aspect is more prominent than the usual semantic ideas. The obvious signs of this semantic prominence can be seen in expressing the way of beating and suppressing the enemy, reviving the law, proving loyalty, showing the innocence of the Infallibles (Peace Be Upon Them), or the vileness of groups whose hearts are full of ideological knots regarding Ahl al-Bayt (AS).

The present study analyzes the views of the ancient scholars of syntax on the position of adjuncts in the Arabic sentence structure and its role in the text. According to the syntacticians, the sentence includes the subject, the predicate, and adjuncts, and this structure is considered by Arabic syntacticians. Therefore, we see that new Arabic and Western linguists have theorized in this regard, and this is not far from the theory presented by old syntacticians. Some of them have spoken about the semantic dimension of the structure of the sentence itself such as the complement and adjuncts, and this is what has kept the sentence closed from the textual dimension. But, one who thinks about the structure of the text and the sentence in terms of the importance and distribution finds that the base and the core are the main and fixed elements in the structure of the sentence. Adjuncts join the sentence to the text and determine the concept of the core of the sentence. Sentences make up the structure of the text, and some of the sentences are the text itself.  Adjuncts and dependent sentences are the second main element in the Arabic sentence structure after the core and the base. The three elements of the subject, the predicate, and the adjunct are the main structure of the sentence, and this is where we can say that these adjuncts complete the sentence. So far, no independent study has addressed the issue of adjuncts in the Arabic sentence structure as the main element, so the present study investigated Arabic grammatical rules by the descriptive-analytical method.