Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2020

Generally, sustainable development is regarded as a strategy for improving social and economic life of rural people. Increasing poverty and class discrimination in addition to ever-growing destruction of natural resources and cultural challenges is among fundamental problems at national and local level and is center of attention of policy makers in the field of development. This research is performed by descriptive-survey method with the purpose of studying effect of different fertilizers on sustainable rural development of Islamshahr city by using AHP method (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Results of research show that the Environmental, Managerial, Economic, Social and Institutional criterions with value of 0.353, 0.293, 0.175, 0.1, 0.081 are at first to fifth priority. In the sub-criterion section the Soil Protection, Correct Management of Opportunities and Limitations of Agriculture for Sustainable Agriculture, Correct Application of Chemical Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture, criterions with value of 0.184, 0.154 and 0.139 are at first to third level.

Cryptocurrencies are a relatively new and fast-growing topic in the modern digital economy. Generally, cryptocurrencies are an asset in the block chain that can be exchanged between actors and so used as a means of payment. Completely decentralized cryptocurrencies such as bit coin have attracted public interest and have been much more successful than previous digital currencies. Despite the importance of these currencies, in third world countries such as Iran, people do not want to use this type of currency for their business. Consequently, in the current study, the researchers find and rank the challenges of using cryptocurrencies in international trade. For this purpose, the challenges of using cryptocurrencies were identified by the literature review. Then the known factors were prioritized using the analytic hierarchy process. In general, four criteria and twenty-eight indicators were compared. The results reveal that technical factors are the most important criteria compared to the goal. Risk-taking is the most important personal reason. Negative attitudes toward cryptocurrencies are the most important social reason in society. Lack of sufficient budget to develop the use of cryptocurrencies is the key financial reason and the lack of correct finding of the parties to the transaction is the most significant technical reason that can affect the acceptance of cryptocurrencies in international trade.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of organizational entrepreneurship on creativity and perception of students' ability in technical high schools of Sistan and Baluchestan. The research method was a descriptive-correlational study. The sample of the present study consisted of 368 students of technical high schools in Sistan and Baluchestan. The research data were collected using Questionnaires of Hill Organizational Entrepreneurship (1996), Torrance's Creativity (1979), and Spritzer and Mishra's (1998) Ability Perception. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method and the structural equation model (SEM) were used based on the Lisrel software. The findings suggest that the impact of organizational entrepreneurship on creativity and ability perception is significant at the level of 95% confidence and path coefficient between organizational entrepreneurship and creativity is 0.89 and organizational entrepreneurship and ability perception is 0.86, which indicates the positive impact of organizational entrepreneurship on creativity and perception of ability. Furthermore, the effect of organizational actions, individual attitude, flexibility, reward status, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurial culture at 95% confidence level and path coefficient between organizational actions, individual attitude, flexibility, reward status, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurial culture and creativity are 0.71, 0.81, 0.65, 0.87, 0.79, 0.80, respectively, which indicate the positive and significant effect of these factors on creativity and the path coefficient between organizational actions, individual attitude, flexibility, reward status, Entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurial culture and ability perception is 0.69, 0.79, 0.70, 0.80, 0.75, and 0.85, respectively, showing a positive effect of these factors on ability perception. The results showed that organizational entrepreneurship through the dimensions and characteristics of organizational actions, individual attitude, flexibility, reward status, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurial culture affect the creativity and perception of students' ability in Sistan and Baluchestan technical high schools.

Accurate implementation of human resource management and the development of the organizational knowledge of individuals and its management can be useful for organizational problems in the country. Therefore, the purpose of the present article is to identify the indicators and components of human resource management based on knowledge management and ranking them in the executive organs of the city of Sari. This research was developmental in terms of purpose and based on integrated method (qualitative and quantitative), and was descriptive in terms of nature. The statistical population includes 1) 15 experts familiar with the field of human resource management, 2) 400 employees working in the executive organs of Sari. Based on the research literature, 18 indicators in human resource management topic and 8 indicators regarding knowledge management were identified and based on the Delphi technique they were provided to the experts in the field under study for evaluation. Data analysis was performed using Friedman's test, applying SPSS software. Based on the results, human resource management components were identified in 6 general categories (recruitment and selection of employees, the appointment of employees, development, and maintenance of employees, training, and improvement of employees, performance evaluation of employees, service compensation of employees) and 18 sub-components and components of knowledge management in 4 general categories (knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, knowledge storing) and 8 sub-components. "Appointment of employees" was also located in the first rank. Based on the results, it can be said that managers should be very careful in selecting and employing, appointing and job promotion, developing and maintaining, training and improving, developing performance and service compensation of employees because it is by paying attention to these affairs that they can minimally develop their organization, and overcome competitors in the current critical conditions.

This study was carried out aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar treatment of micronutrients including iron, zinc, and manganese on nitrogen yield and biological fixation with inoculation of bacteria in the Bami alfalfa in order to obtain a cost-effective product within Kerman in 2013 and was implemented for two years in Shahid Zendeh Rood agricultural education center in Kerman. The project was studied in an area of 2500 square meters using a split-plot design, with four replications and with the foliar treatment of micronutrients in 5 levels (a level as a control), and inoculation of bacteria in 3 levels ( non-inoculated as a control group). In all treatments, the distance between the lines was 30 cm, and all effects of the main factors and sub-factors on agronomic traits were analyzed statistically. Qualitative traits included plant height, yield, growth, and nitrogen fixation, and quantitative traits included the amount of protein, chlorophyll and pigments, digestibility, and the percentage of iron, zinc, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Overall, the survey results indicate that foliar treatment and inoculation had a significant impact on chlorophyll content and yield, and increased the amount of chlorophyll, protein, and the yield of Bami alfalfa.

As urban management, municipalities have a key role in the process of city management and organization. Certainly, to reach this performance, municipalities must have a proper management structure based on attracting the institutional participation of the people. Thus, the purpose of the study was to provide a model of social factors affecting the quality of services in the municipalities of Mazandaran. The study was applied in terms of purpose and survey concerning the method. The population was the experts familiar with the field of service quality (n = 15), employees working in the municipalities of Mazandaran (n = 356) and all clients of municipalities in Mazandaran (n = 712). The study used model design and approval questionnaire, the questionnaire of social factors affecting service quality with 75 questions and the service quality questionnaire with 22 questions to collect data. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) of the social factors affecting service quality and service quality questionnaire was calculated as 94.9% and 93.8%, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of variables was estimated to be higher than 0.7 and the reliability was confirmed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with the help of LISREL software to analyze the data. According to the results, the power of the relationship between social factors and service quality was 0.51, showing that the correlation is strong and desirable. The t-test was larger than 5% error level that is 1.96 and showed a significant correlation. Moreover, the fit indices of the model showed that the proposed model was appropriate. According to the results, the managers of municipalities in Mazandaran are recommended to pay attention to employee behavior, employee competence and skills, innovation in service delivery, organizational coordination and accountability, organizational trust, organizational performance, social responsibility, employee work values ​​ to enhance service quality.

Providing high quality services to customer is among the strategic issues of this course for the private and public sectors. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the factors related to measuring the public services quality in the public sector with service delivery processes.The method of doing research was descriptive-survey. The population includes; the first group: experts familiar with theories of service quality, and the second group: the employees of the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization in the provinces of Iran (29,687 people), that according to the Cochran's formula 380 people of them were selected as samples. In the field of data collection, the questionnaire of factors related to measuring service delivery processes and the questionnaire of public service quality were used, that their validity are 0.91.5 and 0.94.9 and have the reliability of 0.95 and 0.97.1, respectively. Data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis by applying LISREL software version 8. The strength of the relationship between the factors related to measuring the public services quality in the public sector with service delivery processes was calculated equal to 0.37, which showed a desirable correlation. The t-statistical test was also obtained 3.21 which is higher than the critical value of t at the error level of 5%, that is 1.96 and showed that the observed correlation is significant. One of the characteristics of service affairs is the inseparability of the service from its provider, and this characteristic indicates that in most cases the consumer cannot and does not want to separate the service from its provider, the status and conditions of receiving services. On this basis, it can be said that the public services quality in the public sector has a consistent relationship with the service delivery processes that leads the customer to receive better services from the desired organization.

Jay Conrad Levinson describes in his book 20th-century marketing that the Application and the real purpose of Guerrilla marketing advertisements are to use simple and modern Tools and ideas for Audience absorption by spending less money to reach more Profitability. Effectiveness of Guerrilla marketing detectable by studying distinctions through recognizing internal stimuli. the intention of the Article is Identification and clustering internal stimuli on the effectiveness of advertisement by using the Delphi method and perceptron neural network. The method of research combined in terms of functional goal, Descriptive survey performance, and it's nature. twenty-person from the Qualitative part of the Statistical Society of the professors and Activists in the field of advertisement and marketing chosen to be Panel members through purposeful and non-random sampling. components recognized After getting Kendall coefficient 0/95 in the third round by using the Delphi method. Respectively attitudinal variables with Psychological Motivations Indicators, namely, hedonism, and sectarianism, also from a technical prospect with components namely convenience and accessibility, perceived usefulness, and personality variable by recognizing personality types by using Myers- Briggs Type Indicator from panel members point of view is efficient on the effectiveness of Guerrilla marketing advertisements in sports retailers.  In order to design and rank recognized components in the Quantitative research section, sports retailers’ customers in Tehran province, which numbered 1000 people, and their information already registered in the system, chosen as Statistical Society. by taking advantage of Cochran formula and Class sampling, 277 people finally chosen as samples.  At the binging Myers- Briggs Type Indicator with 70 specialized and close-ended questions has been used in order to determine personality types and then, after determining personality types, the intended questionnaire containing 25 specialized and close-ended questions with 5-point Likert scale given to model members. Through using Perceptron Neural Networks with %92 fit, two Hidden neuron layers, and an outer layer with 4 neurons, based on the linear relation between Guerrilla marketing advertisements, attitude, and personality with four separate strategies, the relation between Attitude components and personality types clustered.

This article aims to identify and prioritize components of the organizational excellence model in the Marine Command of Bushehr. The present study is a applied research based on qualitative research method (Delphi). The statistical population of this study consisted of all personnel, commanders and managers of Marine Command in Bushehr province. Sample size was determined by purposive random sampling method and 15 persons were selected. A four-step process was used to construct the questionnaire and identify the dimensions and components of employee performance evaluation that led to the identification of the components and the development of the research tool. The data collection method included library studies, interviews, Delphi method and questionnaire. Delphi method and Kendall's coefficient were used for analyzing the interviews and hierarchical analysis was used to identify and prioritize the components. The results obtained from the Delphi method show that all of the proposed indices were averaged over 4.5 (four and five tenths) and therefore all model indices were approved and accepted by experts and also the component of individual role in mission and value performance. Organizational leadership is the most important component of the mean rating (7.46). Also, the results of prioritizing the hierarchical analysis show that the role of the individual in acquiring and improving the knowledge and competence of the organization is more important than the other components in the domain of employees (0.621).

The role of education and retraining in organizations is important; in a way that education affair composes one of the most important concerns of the managers and policy makers of effective organizations. The purpose of this research is to design an educational effectiveness model for the governance organizations employees with a structural equation modeling approach in Iran. In order to achieve the research goal, a sequential mixed method has been used, which includes two qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part of the research, interview has been used. Necessary information and data were collected from experts and senior managers of the governance organization and then the design of the educational effectiveness model for the governance organization employees has been validated by structural equations. To investigate the expertise validity of the research model, the fuzzy Delphi method was used, for which the identified indicators were sent to the experts over several periods, and after the performed adjustments, 56 indicators were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the research variables construct. The research results showed that the educational effectiveness model for the governance organization employees has two parts: the main factors and their indicators. This model has been composed of indicators that are the core and heart of this model and are the basis for evaluating the educational effectiveness, which are called effective factors. The educational effectiveness model for the governance organization employees has 7 main factors: learner's readiness, training need assessment, training targeting, training program design, resources and equipment allocation, course monitoring and evaluation, and training course management, which include 56 indicators composing them.

The role of education and retraining in organizations is important; in a way that education affair composes one of the most important concerns of the managers and policy makers of effective organizations. The purpose of this research is to design an educational effectiveness model for the governance organizations employees with a structural equation modeling approach in Iran. In order to achieve the research goal, a sequential mixed method has been used, which includes two qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part of the research, interview has been used. Necessary information and data were collected from experts and senior managers of the governance organization and then the design of the educational effectiveness model for the governance organization employees has been validated by structural equations. To investigate the expertise validity of the research model, the fuzzy Delphi method was used, for which the identified indicators were sent to the experts over several periods, and after the performed adjustments, 56 indicators were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the research variables construct. The research results showed that the educational effectiveness model for the governance organization employees has two parts: the main factors and their indicators. This model has been composed of indicators that are the core and heart of this model and are the basis for evaluating the educational effectiveness, which are called effective factors. The educational effectiveness model for the governance organization employees has 7 main factors: learner's readiness, training need assessment, training targeting, training program design, resources and equipment allocation, course monitoring and evaluation, and training course management, which include 56 indicators composing them.

Important decisions are always the imperatives of the crisis in the first moments. The speed of crisis control is higher, whatever the speed of decision-making be more by crisis management. Since each country is exposed to different crises, and Iran is also one of these countries, the objective of this investigation is to design a budgeting model for crisis management. In the present study, a questionnaire with 37 items was designed based on the research background to identify crisis management and operational budgeting criteria. The statistical population of this study has been developed from 100 industry experts and professors in crisis management and 100 experts in operational budgeting. The final population of the research is used to determine the credibility of the combined model, including all ministries and government agencies in the context of budgeting and crisis management; this population consists of approximately 250 specialists selected from 85 specialists for exploratory factor analysis by principal components analysis and factor ranking. Also, 150 people are selected for the final fitting of the model. Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation software was used in this research. The results revealed that the severity of the effect of pre-crisis and post-crisis criteria was respectively calculated to be 0.496 and 0.416 on operational budgeting, and 0.328, and the test probability statistic was higher than the critical value t at the error level of 5% namely 1.96. Consequently, all three criteria possess a positive and significant effect on operational budgeting with 95% confidence. By studying the fitting of the model, it was determined that the subscription indicators and the redundancy indicator are positive and acceptable, and the GOF indicator was obtained to be 0.486, which is an important indicator and presents the overall validity of the model.