فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 100 (پاییز 1398)

Contemporary crime analysts aside from modern paradigms have now postmodern views and quantum paradigms to view the future of criminology in reconciling theories, regardless of the theoretical ones. The third generation of criminology, i.e., Integrative criminology, was born to align the criminology of the main and critical flow, develop criminological theories, discover new concepts, provide comprehensive comprehension of crime, eliminate unrealistic contradictions, and organize dispersed theories. Convergent criminology seeks to improve the theories’ efficiency and concepts by integrating a set of concepts or propositions in them. Although this approach has become a common paradigm for postmodern criminology, some of the criminologists still oppose this theorizing method due to the lack of a clear framework and roadmap for building an integrated theory of criminology. Removing the mentioned gap requires identifying the exact definition of this approach and recognizing the basic features, typology, and goals of the integrated theory. In this way, it will be possible to provide a template for the creation of integrated theories in the field of criminology. The present paper, while addressing the aforementioned issues, proposes a model that considers the basic assumptions of the theories and accordingly and identifies the method (conceptual or propositional integration), the level (micro, macro), and appropriate scope of the integration. Therefore, it will be a guide for theorists in constructing an integrated theory.

The Ijtehdic-Empirical model is one of the presented models for producing religion-based sciences. This model is based on a theoretical framework and the ijtihadic methodology with the commitment to the empirical judgment of the propositions, using religious texts to produce religion-based sciences.This research, by acknowledging the epistemic-cultural and ethical necessity of the production of religion-based sciences, has tried to study the Ijtihadic-Empirical model in a descriptive analytical way. It seems that explanation the stages of theorizing, solving the problem of proposing, trying to understand and compete with the rival paradigms of social sciences and paying attention to the different dimensions of science production are the most important privileges of this model. In addition, the ambiguity in the synthesis of different paradigms, the problem in separation and rating in knowledge, the ambiguity in being knowledge of meta-exprimantal part of knowledge and the ambiguity in using of creative propositions are the most important shortcomings aspects of this model

It is commonly accepted that there is a significant difference between the most two prominent readings of phenomenology namely the Husserlian descriptive and Heideggerian interpretive ones. The present paper probes first to show that the aforementioned distinction arises from limited examination of Husserl's works. Besides, it is reflected that genetic themes with more hermeneutical elements in his last phase of thought have been neglected in the literature of the field. Second, a new approach is proposed, with the help of Merleu-ponty’s phenomenology, which in spite of similarities with both readings, goes beyond them. This new approach consists of three fundamental insights: (Re) considering the world, operative intentionality against thematized intentionality and considering passive synthesis at the final stage. Accordingly, some methodical suggestions include restricted and operative Epoche, description, imaginative variation, passive return to the phenomenon, and ongoing validation of the explanatione.

The impacts of technological innovations are (not only economical but also) social or environmental. The impacts’ value, whether Economic or social, are (not always positive, and) sometimes negative. The new emerged concept (or framework or approach) which is known as "Responsible Research and Innovation”, by keeping economically positive impacts in technological development, seeks to reduce negative and increase positive social, environmental and ethical impacts of innovations. The paper by analyzing the concept of normative responsibility, try to show that how the most known definitions of "responsible research and innovation" are different expressions of a unique and consistent concept.To this end, we will first provide a description of the idea of technological determinism and its opposite view known as social constructivism (i.e. two conflicting ideas about the possibility of social shaping of innovation process). This will continue by discussing the limitations of the received view about the control of negative social impacts of technological innovations, and finally, by providing an analysis of the concept of normative responsibility, a more comprehensive description of the concept of responsible innovation will be proposed

There is an ostensive dualism between religion and science in studies that are based on sacred texts of religion i.e. Quran and Sunnah. Theories and concepts of social sciences are apparently visible in these studies. The main goal of this article is the critique of interaction between religious studies based on text of Quran with theories and concepts of social sciences, which used in one inquiry.  For reaching this goal, two studies that are typical in using the theories of social sciences in Quranic studies, will be analyzed and evaluated. For obtaining this goal, we need an analytical deductive-inductive method for comparison between the mentioned studies based on standard theory making pattern in social sciences. The consequence of this article show us that the most important usage of referring to theories of social sciences in Quranic/religious studies is nutrition of the question of inquiry and helping for making dialogue with Quran  for reaching fundamental Quranic theories. The deficiency of using the theories of social sciences in Quranic studies is the imposition of its viewpoint on Quran and religious texts

The Photo as a means of interaction between the viewer and the image has a different meaning. This means using icons and symbols, mental feelings which can then be used in interpreting the findings. Therefor, the authors of this paper introduce the use of photo as an organizational method. To this end, the general framework for the use of various techniques of photography are offered in organizational and management studies and more in the direction of greater importance to the problem describe the theoretical foundations of organizational Photography fully described and in the end, the critisicms of using this method is described to understand the concept of the photographic in organization and management studies is to provide researchers.