نشریه سیاست دفاعی
پیاپی 109 (زمستان 1398)

The evolution of international relations towards chaotic and complicated systems has brought about a change and development in the theoretical foundations of classical deterrence theory. These developments have caused the classical theory of deterrence to be inefficient in modern times. Now, the question that arises is: What effects would the developments in international relations towards chaotic and non-linear systems have on the physical and logical structure of deterrence systems? To answer this question, the hypothesis is raised that as the international systems change for being more chaotic and complicated, the logical and physical structure of the regional order has changed as well, that has lead up to the representation of chaos as the modern structure of order. In accordance with these structures, the deterrence system, which is itself under the influence of the structures of the system, has undergone a change and development, emerging in modern forms including collective and network deterrence. The most important finding in this research is that the deterrence system has progressed from a unilateralism to a multilateralism. This research seeks to establish the correlations between the research variables via a positivist approach by using a statistical analysis method.

Russia and Israel enjoy deep historical ties in political, military, economic and cultural fields. Russia plays a key role in international developments, especially in the Syrian crisis that has led Israel to expand relations with Russia.  Regardless of the factors and incentives that shape Russia and Israel's convergence, the level of ongoing diplomatic relations between them indicates the existence of a semi-strategic relationship between Moscow and Tel Aviv. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran constitutes one of Russia's most important political, military and economic partners in the region, and Russia's policy in the Middle East and military intervention in the Syrian crisis have increased cooperation between the two countries. On the basis of the considerations above, the question arises as to how the strategic relations between Moscow and Tel Aviv have contributed to IRI's interests in Syria as well as to the advancement of its objectives, as the relations between Moscow and Tel Aviv become strategic. The hypothesis tested in this paper as a response to this question is that the broad strategic relations between Moscow and Tel Aviv and Israel's important position in Russia's regional and international policies has caused Russia to create obstacles to the advancement of the Islamic Republic's political, military and economic goals in Syria. The research method in this article is explanatory, the data collection method is library-internet based. Finally, the theory of equilibrium theory has been used within the framework of Neorealism in order to conduct a theoretical and scientific analysis of the problem of research.

The concept of war has gradually evolved as the social conditions and the means of communication have become more complex. Understanding and explaining this issue is of great importance for different societies. This article attempts to explain the enemy's actions in the face of the Islamic Republic of Iran by using a hybrid warfare analysis. This research is developmental and a qualitative method has been used for data analysis. The main question of this research is: how can the West's war against the Islamic Republic of Iran be analyzed based on the framework of the hybrid warfare? The findings of this study indicate that a particular type of hybrid warfare has been used on the part of the West against the Islamic Republic of Iran. It follows that in this type of war, the components of hybrid warfare as instrumental and objective units seek to influence the objective and cognitive contexts of the target community by using social networks through exerting a compressed and long-lasting pressure.

A proper appreciation and understanding of the international environment plays an important role in shaping defense policies and bringing them to success. One of the cases that can contribute to proper understanding of the international environment is the theories presented in this regard. The critical order theory is one of those theories that are being put forward to describe today's complex and turbulent world. This study attempts to analyze the consequences of I.R.I's defense diplomacy strategy in a critical order situation. For this purpose, the data were collected using field method (interview), which were analyzed qualitatively through open and axial coding. The statistical population of this study consisted of 22 professors, experts and researchers in the field of research who were selected by snowball sampling method. The results show that if the Islamic Republic of Iran leverages defense diplomacy as a soft strategy when pursuing defense policies, it will achieve positive effects at national, regional and international levels, hence being able to contribute to the preservation of the balance and order in the international system. In addition, it would facilitate the implementation of defense policies, the signs of which can be observed in peace, deterrence and security in the society.

Although not a nascent phenomenon, the tendency on the part of the citizens towards deviant sects has in the recent years lead up to events where some deviant sects have sought to add to social unrest and tensions which have created an alarming situation in the society and the social system. The present research has been conducted with the aim of comparing the extent of the tendency of the citizens towards the teachings of the Baha'i faith and the influential factors related to it with emphasis on the social security violations in two cities of the Province of Isfahan by examining variables such as social security violations and identitylessness in two dimensions, namely religious and social. This research has been carried out via conducting survey method among 600 citizens between 18 and 64 years old in cities A and B by using three sampling methods, namely Targeted, Cluster and Simple Random samples, using a questionnaire tool. A high coefficient of Cronbach's alpha for the variables indicates that the reliability of the research tool has been desirable enough. The findings of the research show that the extent of tendency towards the teachings of the Baháʼí Faith in two areas of the city A and B differ, so that the higher amount belongs to the city B. also, the variable of religious identitylessness has the greatest effects on the tendency towards the teachings of the Baháʼí Faith. There is a correlation between the social security violations and social security.

The natural nature of human beings in Nafs-al-Amr tends to go towards goodness and good deeds, which turns individual goodness into common good only when the former is driven towards the logic running in the society and demands interaction and compromise for all alike. And this, supported by the fact that perversities are driven in the Nasut (the earthly world) by human beings according to their personal interests, creates a conflict or confrontation among human beings, which is rooted in the good and evil conflict embedded in the creation itself. These two concepts (good and evil) indicate that good is an existential entity and evil is an non-existent entity. It is in the very relation to this duality that the oppressor and the oppressed acquire their sense and identity. Further, if viewed from a political and theologian perspective, the parties to a conflict between the good and evil will turn to damn and curse each other, before the conflict proves to be an objective and practical case. In this research, as it is necessary to understand the identity and function of damnation with a political theological approach, the problem was explored with descriptive method of case study type and documentation with a historical analysis focus, where, considering the significance of one of the research applications, the down-with-America approach came to be contemplated in the form of a case study subjected to its political philosophy with 100 subjects, something that indicates an in-depth and rational way of damning. So, the findings of this research substantiate the positive and negative approach to damning and cursing enemies, a fact that is embodied in the meaning of “DOWN WITH AMERICA”.