نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جنگ
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

The Vietnam War is one of the most important events of the bipolar era, which had a profound impact on both sides of the conflict. This war of attrition not only provoked international reactions, but also inflamed the domestic political climate of countries, especially the United States. In this war, for the first time, incredible images of naked violence using new technologies from the front lines were published around the world earlier than written reports. The release of these images set the stage for a poststructuralist account of the war, one of which can be seen in Oliver Stone's trilogy. The question is what does the poststructuralist account of the Vietnam War contain, and can Stone's Trilogy be included in this formulation? The aim of this paper is to analyze the Vietnam War from the perspective of poststructuralism chiefly drawing on Baudrillard's theory and the concepts of hyper-reality, simulation, and implosion searching it in the Stone Trilogy. The results show that although the Stone Trilogy can be considered a poststructuralist account of the Vietnam War, it incorporates some structural elements from the US society.

Abdullah Ibn Abbas is the most prominent figure in the family of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib and one of the noted Sahabi of Prophet Muhammad (UHBP). Despite the much information reflecting the grace and knowledge of this famous figure, some parts of his life are still unclear. The most important of these ambiguities is his failure to accompany Imam Hussein (AS) in the incident of Karbala. Some sources suggest that he had legitimate excuses, or alternatively was excused to do so, which are not true. In this study, from a different point of view, Abdullah Ibn Abbas's ideas about Imam Hussein's (AS) plan on the eve of the Karbala incident have been studied and analyzed, and to this end, Ibn Abbas's political life during the caliphs and Imam Ali's rule has been critically analyzed. The main question of this historically descriptive and analytic study that implemented a historical description and analysis using the three elements of faith, booty, and benefit, as well as the concept of discourse, concerns how the discourse of the caliphs affected the approach of Ibn Abbas to the movement of Imam Hussein (AS). The results show that despite having a general commitment to the discourse of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), Ibn Abbas was influenced by the discourse of the caliphs, which caused him to analyze and evaluate some events, including the movement of Imam Hussein (AS) from a different perspective than Imam's.

Hamza Agha was the chief of the Mangour tribe who amid Iran's economic and political disorder during Nasseri era, Kurds' dissidence from Qajarid rulers and tax pressures provoked a rebellion among the tribes of Kurds in Iran. In the Ottomans, Kurds revolted with similar goals led by Sheikh Ubaidullah Shemdinani against the rule of Nasir al-Din Shah. Their leader was the one of the Sheikhs of the Naghshbandi order. Using religious and sectarian beliefs, Hamza Agha and Sheikh Ubaidullah gathered a huge army of Kurdish tribes and invaded the border towns of Persia and the Ottomans and killed a large number of people. This research, adopting a sociological approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the two riots and the effect of the presence of Hamza Agha as the theorist to transform the riots into an uprising with a religious order of a nationalist type. The findings show that Hamza Agha Mangour played a major role in provoking Sheikh to a religious uprising against Nasseri's reign.

The strategic position of Koureh Arrajan located in South-Western Iran during the Sassanian Dynasty until the end of Seljuq Dynasty led to the establishment of many castles in the region. This study chiefly aims at analyzing the historical castles of Koureh Arrajan in order to shed light on their status and roles in the political-administrative geology, factors effective in their formation and spread, as well as realizing the location of geopolitical and geo-strategic passages and zones of the region. This study is founded on the hypothesis that given the geographical position of Koureh Arrajan and its association with Persian Gulf's seaports and the governmental centers of Fars and Isfahan, the region enjoyed a coherent system of castles and fortresses. The results of this descriptive-analytical study were obtained using historical sources and archeological field research. Location analysis of the spread of the castles show that connecting straits, natural gerdkuhs, mountain valleys, and the region's mounds have had a considerable effect on their location-allocation. The multi-functionality of the fortifications of this koureh has manifested itself in various aspects such as protecting the environmental resources, agriculture-related structures, protecting centers of population, and communication paths. Studying these forts is highly important in explicating critical issues such as appreciating the network of Isma'ili castles.

The aftermath of World War I for the Iranian people was extensive: several vast regions of the country were destroyed while tens of thousands of people perished due to famine and the outbreak of infectious diseases. As a result, the country became very unsecure, and criminal acts such as murder and looting became widespread during the war around the country. These social crises originated from domestic and international causes. This descriptive-analytical study investigated these social crises by looking into Iran’s written media of this period to find out the real causes of the crises as its main question. One the main findings of this research was that contrary to the some researchers’ views, the domestic factors played a more significant and destructive part in these predicaments than the international ones. For instance, the government policies, hoarders, and bakeries contributed more to the creation and worsening of the crises although the destructive role of the foreign invading countries cannot be underestimated.

The Battle of Marathon, the first direct confrontation between the Persians and the Greeks in 490 BC, was a turning point in the relations between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek world. Over time, this battle become an epic in defense of Greek freedom. However, less attention, despite the inspirational feature of the battle, has been paid to its narration and the perception of Greek historians and their audiences of it. This article seeks to answer the question of the motif the Greek sources, especially Herodotus, used in the narration of the Battle of Marathon and the subjectivity of their Greek audiences. Research findings show that Herodotus, the most important narrator of the battle, paid less attention to the Marathon than to the Xerxes wars, but by placing it in the field of Persian wars, on the one hand, he has made the Marathon the end point of the Ionian uprising and on the other hand, the introduction of the Xerxes wars, by which he has intended to make his audience believe that the catastrophic wars between the Persians and the Greeks were rooted in the Persians' overthrow of the Ionians, the collaboration of the Ionian tyrants with the Persians, and eventually the Ionian uprising. From Herodotus's point of view, the Marathon was the result of the Ionian uprising, and Salamis was the result of the Battle of Marathon. Thus, the Marathon was a link between the string of Persian and Greek wars.