مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 59 (تابستان 1399)

In the human science, one concept may be having been some definition or even may be this narration was contradiction with each other in different philosophical schools. This research with theoretical approach is to clarify the concept of cultural geography and the causes of cultural territories changes in the constructivism school. This research has fundamental approaches in the philosophy of geography and for compilation of information has been referred to valid document and bibliography. In this regard, in first stage, was attempted the foundation of cultural geography concept in constructivism school were extracted. Then, are explained how to obtain knowledge and solve unknowns space in cultural geography Influenced by the school of constructivism. In this discourse, processes and icons in geographical space, were made by social structure and in analyzing the making space. Following this idea, geographers believe that the change in geographical space in various aspects is depend on social and cultural functions and the mentality of people is not distinct and separate from the dominant of structures values. Another functional consequences of constructivism in cultural geography, formation of Sovereignty and jurisdiction by the formation of a structural culture in a specific geographical space. According to this view, the formation of development process in a culture territory involves stimulating certain behaviors and values among the general public. As previously mentioned, basically in view of constructivism, dialectical (motion and contrast) formed in geographical space, comes from the ruling cultural structure.

The lake Urmia has been experiencing rainfall severe fluctuations in the recent years, as water level elevation of the lake Urmia has declined that some of the researchers rainfall reduction is one of the main reasons that it seems to be important to investigate the changes in the monthly and annual precipitation of lake Urmia basin. In this study, monthly, seasonal, annual rainfall and precipitation concentration index at annual and seasonal scale in synoptic stations (Tabriz, Urmia, Takab, Mahabad, Ahar, Sarab, Sahand, Mianeh) in lake Urmia basin from years (1988-2013) was investigated. Then to analysis the rainfall trend and PCI index of the Mann-Kendall and Slope-Sen test were used for identify mutation points. The results showed that among the synoptic stations seven studied, a non-significant reduction trend and stations two (Tabriz and Sarab) had a non-significant increasing trend. most of the synoptic stations of lake Urmia have been observed monthly precipitation in the months (january, november, december)as well as in the months (May, August, september) has been increased in most stations. Based on Sen - Thile test and at %95 confidence level, maximum and minimum amount of annual rainfall decrease occurred in mahabad and Urmia station, respectively. None of the synoptic stations had a uniform temporal distribution (PCI <10) and only the Ahar station has an average annual rainfall distribution. Seasonal precipitation trend analysis showed that in winter the supply of large part of lake Urmia water requirement, most of synoptic stations have reduction trend.

The present study, with the future research approach, identifies extracts and analyzes key impacts on the development of villages in Bonab. The research method is based on the Delphi method. Initially, a survey of 103 managers and experts in the rural area identified 34 key variables related to the characteristics of 29 villages in Bonab. Using delphi method and with participation of 35 rural experts, the results were analyzed in the micro-macro software environment. According to the results, the most important key drivers are important in the order of magnitude: the logic of the price of products and the elimination of dealers and intermediaries, the disconnection of villages from sanctions, prices and stagnation through the use of local capabilities , Local authorities' attention to sustainable livelihoods, such as changing crop patterns, irrigation modifications, creating employment and entrepreneurship tailored to rural jobs, coping with the drying of Lake Urmia, tackling soil erosion in proportion to the soil conditions of each village, reducing the duration of implementation of plans Development through access to local indicators through the use of local facilities, government investment in villages Social welfare through the use of local capacities of each village, education and promotion programs in villages, and attention to rural native knowledge. Also, according to the results, populated villages and close to the city center have better conditions. Finally, with regard to the situation of the villages of Bonab, proposals for rural development are presented.

Since the Industrial Revolution, industry has been one of the main factors that have caused changes in spatial and physical structure and organization of settlements. In this study we have provided an analysis based on documental and survival data to analyze the role of industries on Baghershahr spatial and physical structures. The study area included Baghershahr, a town with a population of 56000 located in 4 km far from the south of Tehran city in Iran.In the study besides using a descriptive explanation, we use the structural intersecting analysis in Micmac, and one-Sample T-Test and Friedman Test in SPSS software. Finding show that industry cause many influences in Baghershahr spatial- physical structure through: extensive changes in land use, creating and extending infrastructures, developing direct and indirect jobs, increasing Baghershar municipality incomes, creating pollution, consuming resources, and etc. Structural Intersecting analysis results show that effective and key variables such as trade function of Tehran, establishing huge national industries, vicinity to main roads, Tehran consumer market, and tax fraude are related to industry in any way. Thus, the variable affect Baghershahr structural changes have a strength relation to each other. According to T-Test, industry consequences have had negative strength impacts on the town structures totally. The most influence is happen on environmental and physical dimensions and it has been negative. Friedman Test showed that immigration and creating direct jobs were more important variables.

Sustainable Housing is housing that is economically appropriate, socially acceptable, technically and physically feasible, environmentally friendly, feasible and environmentally friendly. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to select the villages under study according to the size of the study area, the first step was identified using factor analysis of homogeneous zones, then cluster analysis was used to cluster the cities. According to cluster analysis, the provinces were divided into 3 climatic zones. In each zone based on household information, natural location and distance of each village, abundance of villages in each of the homogenous zones was determined and a total of 50 villages were sampled. Statistical population includes households living in rural areas of Lorestan province. 500 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula. Descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data from field studies. The results of single-sample T-tests show that overall the stability level of housing dimensions in different zones is low. The results of the analysis of stability radar also show that in the study area 20 villages were in instability, 26 villages were in poor stability and 4 villages were in moderate stability.

water user associations were established for the participation of farmers in water resources management. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the motivation of farmers’ participation in the Great Karun-Shushtar water user association in Khuzestan province. The study population was all Members of the Great Karoon water user association (N=671). 183 people were selected as the statistical sample using the Bartlett table and a random sampling method was used to collect data from farmers using the questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaires’ was examined by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.77 to 0.92, indicating the tool of study is reliable. Data analyses were performed using SPSSv24 software. Pearson correlation was used to investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables and Regression analysis with Inter method was used to explain the factors affecting farmers' participation in water user association. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between motivation and self-identity, social norm, social capital, collective efficiencies expectations, cues to action, perception of partnership, Self-efficacy, and attitude of farmers. The results also showed that the variables of self-identity, cues to action and social capital have effect on the variable of motivation. These variables are able to predict 43% of the variance of motivation. Finally, based on the findings of the research, suggestions were made to increase the incentive of farmers' participation in the water user association.

Housing is a fundamental component of the household consumption bundle. In fact, for most households, the purchase of a home is their single most important financial transaction. The housing market can be influenced by macro-economic variables, spatial differences, characteristics of community structure, and environmental amenities. Heterogeneity of house and how consumers rank different characteristics of a house led to price changes and fluctuations. So that, one house with similar physical attributes in different urban regions will show different prices. This research, looking for recognition effective factors on house Prices and estimating prices of housing units in the District two of Tabriz. This research based on applied and Correlational researches. The data were collected through survey and inquiry from real-estate agents. Statistical population is the houses in district two of Tabriz which is 56107. Cochran formula estimated 384 sample size and for desirable estimation 400 house were randomly selected as a sample of research. Artificial neural network (ANN) is employed in this paper to analyze housing values. In determining the house prices "physical variables" have 53.8 percent, "distance variable" has 39.2 percent and "environmental variables" has 7 percent. The findings of research indicate which "floor area" variable with 28/4 percent, "distance from treatment centers" variable with 4/4 percent, "distance from health centers" variable with 5.1 percent and "building facades" variable with 4.6 percent has the highest share of house prices. In this research, were used MATLAB 2013 and ArcMap 10.4.

Wind, like other climatic factors affect different aspects of human life. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The purpose of the study is to study the trend of wind changes in the manjil. The daily wind speed data of the Manjil Station was obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization during the statistical period of 1993-2016. Using the Beaufort scale, the frequency of maximum wind speed was measured annually and monthly. Log-normal distribution, Weibull and the lowest level was used to determine wind speed probability density distribution. Examine possible changes in the wind in time series, the mean and variance in the probability density function curves were compared. Using three-level polynomial model, for the year and all months, three periods of forecasting were performed. The results showed that almost all of the months of the year are experiencing stormy weather, except for December. The mean and variance in the two time periods 2004-1993 and 2016-2005 were compared. The results showed that the average decrease in all months reduces the probability of occurrence of gusts and increases the occurrence of the breeze in winter and autumn. Increased variance in April, June, July and November showed an increase in the occurrence of extreme high and low. Projections indicate that the wind speed has a periodic fluctuation.

In tourism industry, attitude is considered as the main concept in selecting destination. Motivation specifies the reason of the tourists for travel or doing a specific activity during trip. Evaluation of the tourists’ motivations allows us to know their needs and preferences. This research aimed at investigating the relationship between tourism motivations of the Tabriz metropolitans’citizens and their tourism destinations in East Azerbaijan by geo tourism approach. For doing so, 28 important tourism destinations in East Azerbaijan province were selected and their relationship with touristic motivations was analyzed. The research method was descriptive analytical and correlative. The statistical population consisted of approximately 1800000 citizens of Tabriz metropolitan. The research sample was determined 384 individuals via Cochran formula. Accordingly, 400 questionnaires were distributed and 384 acceptable questionnaires were returned. For analysis of the demographic characteristics descriptive statistics and in the inferential statistics, Pearson Correlation Test and multivariate regression were used. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the geo-touristic destinations and the citizens’ touristic motivation. Among the tourists’ motivation, circulation in the nature has the most powerful dimension relative to other motivations in the geo touristic destinations.

The subject of paper is the study of the epistemology of spatial planning (classical rationality, postmodern relativism and pluralism - critical rationality). The main purpose of this paper is to explain the pluralist-critical rationality in spatial planning. First, it is necessary to determine the position and rationality ratio of spatial planning in order to achieve this goal. Then, three epistemological approaches to spatial planning of classical rationality, postmodern relativism and pluralist-critical rationality have been critically analyzed and comparative comparisons. Research findings show that the concept of rationality in spatial planning is wider than its Cartesian meaning, and postmodern relativists attribute classical rationality to total rationality. Also, the epistemic contradictions in postmodern relativism distract spatial planning from its collective, practical and realistic nature. In contrast, the pluralist-critique approach has been able to resolve the weaknesses of classical rationality and respond to the critique of postmodern relativism toward rationality. This epistemic approach holds that modern rationality is based on a comprehensive and argument capacity that allows the acceptance and aggregation of the ideas, goals and values of spatial planning stakeholders at different levels of space. All this process takes place within the framework of an open and democratic environment that can convince stakeholders that they will reach an informed consent about the public interest.

In recent years, tourism and rural tourism have emerged as new ways of developing rural areas in order to meet the needs of villagers, preventing their free migration, employment and .... But there are obstacles in the rural areas that make the development of tourism difficult. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the tourist attractions of the tourist destination of Hyderabad Sivan, which has been carried out with a quantitative approach. In qualitative method, 15 officials and experts of tourism and rural development were selected by bullet sampling method and interviewed. After identifying the obstacles, a questionnaire was drawn from the interview results and was provided to the statistical sample in the quantitative section. In a small stage, 236 villagers were selected using Cochran formula, 100 tourists and 30 officials in a simple random sampling and distributed among them. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the formal and reliability of Cronbach's alpha of 0.996. Data analysis in the qualitative section was performed as a simultaneous analysis and recognition by the researcher, and in the quantitative part, one-sample t-test and Friedman test were used in the statistical software of SPSS. The results indicated that there were five administrative, social, cultural, welfare infrastructure, economic and financial infrastructures and physical-spatial infrastructures as obstacles to rural tourism in Hyderabad. Infrastructure factor - welfare with average rating (3.11) and socio-cultural factor with average rating (2.86) were identified as the most important and least important barriers, respectively.

Today, mostly towns and communities are built or built in places that are exposed to natural disasters as a result of natural hazards or because of technological advances. One of the most important and most commonly used concepts in the area of urban disaster management is the concept of resiliency in terms of thinking of measures for the rapid return of the city to the pre-crisis situation (normal and initial). Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess and measure the resilience of the urban area with regard to natural hazards. For this purpose, survey method has been used by using a questionnaire. The population of 41852 people is the population of Mashhad Ab-o-Bargh district, which was based on the Cochran formula, the number of samples was 380. They were selected by random sampling method. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of each of the research indicators on resilience in the study area, the confirmatory factor analysis test was used, It was found that among the indicators surveyed, the most important effect is the state's attention to the reconstruction of cities after the occurrence of accidents in the resilience of Ab-o-Bargh district. The results of the research indicate that the Ab-o-Bargh district is in poor condition in terms of resilience criteria, which can be reduced and kept the effect of the crisis with the resilience of the texture of the neighborhood.