فصلنامه پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

The COVID-19 virus pandemic, beginning from late 2019 and its continues presence in 2020 has influenced the entire 8 billion populations of human society, governmental structures and health care systems throughout the world. The highest impact of this virus is on humans, despite their  sex, race and cultural background. As a result of its extensive effects, contagious nature and its effect on humanchr('39')s psychological conditions, the term Corona-phobia was introduced. In some countries, the exaggeration and derivatives of this fear have led to public anxiety. Attitude, beliefs and human values can define the state of this phobia in its individual and general sense. Attitude is an evaluation which is built upon facing different matters and can be produced through cognition, emotion, and behavior. It is formed through time and a transformational process and creates beliefs and values, which are not easy to reframe once shaped. On the other hand, personal attitude and beliefs are in constant connection with cultural beliefs. Perhaps in a maximizing condition, it can be assumed that personal beliefs wonchr('39')t last long without cultural beliefs. Therefore, this new pandemic virus can establish different implications and beliefs, governing our deeds in the years to come. This paper is intended to overlook attitudes and beliefs during the coronal virus pandemic, using a theoretical model, and assess the new formation of personal and cultural beliefs under stress and evaluate the expectancy of new conditions during the post-Corona time.

The corona disease epidemic have had different effects on the social and psychological aspects of individuals. Studies show that with spread of disease, the fear of this is also increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety with corona phobia in Tehran society. For this purpose, a sample of 430 adult men and women evaluated by health anxiety questionnaire (Salkovskis, 2002), intolerance of uncertainty (Freeston, 1994), and fear of corona (Griffiths & pakpour, 2020) through online recall and via social network.  To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and path analysis were used. The results showed health anxiety and intolerance were positively and directly correlated with fear of corona. Also, intolerance to uncertainty was indirectly correlated with fear of corona through mediating of health anxiety. These results will have practical implications for controlling and reducing fear of corona and corona phobia. It is suggested that according to these personality and cognitive variables, they should be used to design psychological interventions to maintain and promote the mental health of the community in pandemic corona disease.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, different individuals experience different levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19, and many of them cite the Internet and online health information. The aim of the present study was to compare the online health information utilization, online shared identity, and online shared information usage in different levels of COVID-19 anxiety. In this causal-comparative study, the statistical population of the study consisted of college students of Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Guilan University during COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Among them, 387 students were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, Online Health Information Utilization Questionnaire, and Identity Bubble Reinforcement Scale. Considering the high and low total scores of the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, participants were divided into high-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) and low-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) groups. The results indicated individuals with high level of COVID-19 anxiety got higher scores in online health information utilization and online shared identity compared to individuals in low-level COVID-19 anxiety group (p <0/01). Admittedly, online shared identity is more prominent in individuals in high-level COVID-19 anxiety group and they rely more on health information available on the Internet.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationshipbetween childrenchr('39')sanxiety level and childrenchr('39')sawareness of coronavirus based on the healthbelief model and their motherschr('39')anxiety, stress and depression during social distancing period. This correlational study was done on260students of preschool and elementary schools of educational areas in Tehran in 2020 and theirmothers that were selected as available sampling. Data were collected by a self-designed questionnaire of childrenchr('39')sawareness and attitude to coronavirus, Spence Childrenchr('39')sAnxiety Scale (SCAS), and depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS-42) in adults. The results indicated significant relationship of childrenchr('39')sanxiety with anxiety (r = 0.45), stress (r = 0.35) and depression (r = 0.44) of their mothers and level of their awareness ofCorona (r = 0.19) and age (r = 0.14).Also, the results of multiple regression analysis in step-by-step manner showed that anxiety, depression and stress of mothers and childrenchr('39')sawareness of Coronavirus were significant predictors of childrenchr('39')sanxiety (altogether 34%). According to the results of this research, one of the necessary measures toprotect and improve the mental health of children in critical conditions consequent Coronavirus is parentschr('39')training to regulate their negative emotions. It is also important to provide information about coronavirus to children with considering their age and cognitive development.

The structure of spiritual and existential thinking can be a safe support for human beings in the face of critical and stressful situations.The aim of this study was to identify the spiritual and existential transformation of individuals from the Covid 19 epidemic. In this study, a qualitative research method with a thematic analysis approach was used. The statistical population of the study was people living in Tehran in April 2020. For this purpose, 36 people selected by the targeted sampling method and their answers analyzed. The results of the analysis of the interviews identified 4 main themes and 35 sub-themes. The first main theme was "Individual challenges", the second main theme was "Survival Challenges", the third main theme was "Semantic challenges" and the fourth theme was " Intrapersonal challenges ". The research results, by deeply identifying thespiritual and existential transformationof these individuals, found that the type of view of individuals in thecovid 19epidemic crisis can indicate a kind of perceptual process as a lever to cope with, adapt to, and adapt to crisis

Getting a new disease and unknown Covid 19 In addition to the risks to physical health leads to difficult and different psychological experiences due to the specific nature and characteristics of the disease. In addition to physical symptoms patients have a variety of psychological reactions that can act as a barrier to the healing process and increase their suffering during illness. Therefore the present study aims to discover the lived experience of these people to help reduce the suffering of these patients. The study method was qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The number of participants was 15 and they were selected by purposeful sampling method. A semi-structured interview was used to gather information. Data analysis was also performed by Colaizzi method. To Trustworthiness and validate the findings were used participantschr('39') review and monitoring methods, the researcherchr('39')s self-observation in the data collection and analysis process and the recording of all their mental presuppositions in advance and their non-consideration in the analysis and review process and recoding of interviews by two other researchers. The research findings included 278 initial codes, which were extracted 6 main themes and 24 sub-themes according to the purpose and question of the research. Death anxiety, the experience of stigma, the experience of ambiguity, the positive emotional experiences, the emotions experienced in relation to family members and the emotions caused by quarantine were the main themes. Painful emotional experiences in these patients can lead to delays and difficulties in the recovery process of these people and in addition to the pain of the disease, it can also impose psychological suffering. Awareness of the disease to reduce the experience of ambiguity, psychological strategies to control death anxiety and social stigma, and strategies to manage the behavior and excitement of family members can be considered in the specific psychological interventions of these patients and reduce negative emotions and possibility better deal with the disease and psychological suffering caused by it.

With the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic disease and the social and economic consequences of this pandemic, volunteering and helping activities especially for needy people and the society in crisis developed. The aim of this study was to explore the role of attachment styles, empathy and self-compassion in predicting attitude toward helping during Covid-19 Outbreak in Iranian society. The present study conducted in April and May 2020 in Iran. The study sample (n=348) selected by convenient sampling method. Instruments of this study were the adult attachment scale, self-compassion scale, basic empathy scale, and helping attitude scale. Findings showed that participation of women; employed ones and the 25-35 year old age group were more than men, unemployed ones and other age group. There was significant difference between volunteer and non-volunteer groups in helping attitude, self-judgment, isolation, mindfulness, over-identification and secure attachment style. Correlation coefficients indicated that self-kindness; common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, cognitive empathy and secure attachment had positive significant correlation with helping attitude. In addition, anxious attachment negatively associated with helping attitude. Regression analysis indicated that cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, secure attachment style and mindfulness predicted helping attitude. It can conclude that volunteers for community services during COVID-19 outbreak had positive attitude toward helping and had more secure attachment styles and higher level of self-compassion in comparison to non-volunteers. It seems having strong empathy, secure attachment style and being mindful, are psychological prerequisites for having positive volunteering and helping attitudes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between disease control perception and risk perception with self-care behaviors in patients discharged from hospital due to COVID-19 in Bushehr Province. The statistical population of the present study includes all patients discharged from the hospital due to Covid-19 in Bushehr Province, which was estimated 167 people and the sample size was 120 people based on the Cochranchr('39')s formula. The sampling method was voluntary and available. The research data were analyzed using the statistical software AMOS and using path analysis method. Findings indicated that the proposed model of the relationships between the mentioned variables has a favorable fit and all the paths of the proposed model are significant. Given the significant effect of control perception and risk perception on the prediction of people get infected COVID-19 and the possibility of manipulation and training these variables, the results of this study have applications to increase self-care behaviors and then reduce the risk of COVID-19 in people and these results can be used practically in ministries, offices, publications, etc. leading to reduce the wasted costs (living and financial) for COVID-19.

This study examines the mediator role of spiritual happiness in the relationship between social capital and social support with employee’s resiliency against Covid-19 diseases pandemy during social distance. The research method was descriptive correlational.  The study population consisted all of employees (No= 574) in Tehran University Agriculture College, in 1399 spring. 200 employee were selected as a samples by available sampling method. To collect research data questionnaire as Afrooz spiritual happiness, social capital (Nahapiet and Ghoshal), social support  (Phillips) and Conner & Davidson resilience was used. Data analysis was done by using structural equation modeling in AMOS And Spss-22  software. The results showed that the research model was very favorable fit with experimental data, and spiritual happiness has mediating role in relation with social capital and social support with employees resiliency in against Corona virus diseases, in the Social distance period. Accordingly, the relationship between the variables of social capital and social support with resilience through spiritual happiness was confirmed in the form of path analysis. Thus, the variable of spiritual happiness showed a facilitating role in the relationship between social capital and social support with resilience. Also, the two social capital and social support variables had a direct and positive effect on employee resilience. Based on the results, it can be concluded that spiritual happiness among employees is the role of facilitator in promoting resilience. This means that the increase in social capital and social support, led to increase of spiritual happiness, and also resilience increased in front of coronavirus disease stress. In order to explain the resiliency in front of the corona disease during social distance social, we can use benefits of social capital and social support benefits to increase spiritual happiness and resilience.

Coronavirus, like any other disease, initially manifested itself as a biological phenomenon that threatens peoplechr('39')s health, but even non-communicable diseases act as a "multidimensional social reality."In this article; First, a review of theoretical literature seeks to criticised "radical constructivism" by  a perspective that emphasizes "complex", "stratified " and "social" social reality.Then, these two approaches will be used to study the coronavirus epidemic (as a problem). Corona acts here as a complex reality in biological, human (Agency) and social dimensions. This is a complex and multifaceted reality, each level of reality has unrecognized, and interconnected causal powers. To this end, we encounter a kind of "complexity of causality " in examining the Corona problem.Each level of reality has unrecognized, related, and interdependent causal powers.  Serious shortcomings, in other words, the diminution of social reality to human understanding (epistemological fallacy) will result in nothing but our punishment by reality. The health system has prevailed, and the results have been nothing but "continuous recovery of reality" and the choice of the path of "trial and error" or sometimes confusion in policy-making for society