فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال چهاردهم شماره 50 (بهار 1399)

One of the cultural problems of Third World countries in the field of social and demographic issues is preferential gender preference. What preferential gender preference denotes is belief in the inherent, legal or institutional superiority of one gender over the other. At present, with social and economic changes in the society especially in big cities, we are witness to the weakening and even eradication of these traditions. This study has been conducted using the qualitative research method and Grounded Theory (GT) strategy. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews. The population consisted of 21 men and women from Mahmoudabad in Mazandaran province, Iran. The sample size reached theoretical saturation after 21 interviews. The results of multiple coding led to the formation of the theoretical model of the research with a central role of preferential gender preference. The findings show that, among the surveyed families, a masculine child tends to be preferred to a feminine child although this attitude is getting waned. According to the research findings, the most important reasons and roots of this attitude among the studied families are related to various factors such as historical and cultural factors, social factors, psychological factors and economic-legal factors. The findings further reveal that economic factor is the main and most central issue.

This study was conducted with the aim of finding out the impact of commitment- and acceptance-based career path counseling on the family concerns of women working in Esfahan Steel Company. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included all the educated married women working in Esfahan Steel Company. A group of 30 subjects was selected from this population using the availability sampling method and was randomly divided into experimental and control groups each including 15 subjects. The experimental group participated in eight consecutive 120-minute counseling sessions. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire dealing with the family concerns of working women. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistics 21 and analysis of covariance. The results of covariance analysis showed that the impact of commitment- and acceptance-based career path counseling on the family concerns of women working in industry was significant at 0.05 level. Hence, it can be used as an effective intervention to manage family concerns of women working in industry.

In today's world, adolescents face many problems and challenges, including dealing with a variety of intellectual and behavioral styles, finding distance from religious and indigenous values, easy access to all kinds of information, limitless relationship with the opposite sex at an early age, etc. In this regard, mothers' adaptive strategies are the methods that they use to deal with these challenges. This study was carried out to determine and develop the model of adaptive strategies of mothers in dealing with emerging problems of adolescents in Tehran. The research was conducted using a qualitative method. The qualitative data were extracted using semi-structured interviews from the sample. Sampling was purposively continued until it reached ten cases following theoretical saturation, and then data analysis was performed using field theory and Strauss and Corbin coding method. In this coding, the central category was selected under the general title of reality-oriented strategies based on convergent relations, which are presented in three general categories: parental preparation strategies, convergent strategies and immunization strategies. Also, preparation strategies were identified as background factors and convergent strategies are identified as causal factors. According to the life experiences of mothers, the methods and strategies which are based on exploration, analysis and acceptance of the individual and social realities of the day, and mothers seek to help themselves and their children to come into contact with these realities using different methods so that they can identify real opportunities and harms as long as this is accomplished in a convergent, strong and intimate relationship, they are considered adaptive and efficient strategies and can reduce the harms of emerging problems.

Sexual rights are among the legitimate rights of the husband and wife, and Islamic jurisprudence has devised considerable measures to fulfill their observance, their maximum and desirable enjoyment and the maintenance of the boundaries of the husband and wife. In order to strengthen the foundation of the family, the holy Shariah does not allow the husband or wife to violate any of these duties and guarantees the fulfilment of their rights by legislating criminal and non-criminal rulings and giving moral advice. Among these cases, we can refer to the attention that Shiite jurisprudence has paid to the husband’s violation of marital duties, which, of course, is not reflected in the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, not only in the Civil Code, but also in the Family Protection Law of 2011, there is no executive guarantee of the husband’s violation of marital duties, and basically no mention has been made of the husband’s violation of marital duties in the relevant laws. Thus, the lack of attention of the law to women's sexual rights, on the one hand, has led to the maximization of men's sexual rights, and on the other hand, has led to the negligence or minimization of women's sexual rights in common culture. Failure to grant sexual rights to women, as well as considering all women equal in this regard, will be problematic in other cases, such as the right to sleeping with the husband and the right to copulation. Analyzing the content of jurisprudential and legal texts through classification, coding and thematization processes, this study explains that although, in jurisprudential texts, nushuz (violation of marital duties) has been defined for both sexes and its characteristics have been introduced, it briefly refers only to women in legal texts; and although woman's sexual needs can be easily proved based on legal material or jurisprudential evidence, there is no executive guarantee of meeting these needs which can only be satisfied by the husband.

The aim of this study was to compare prosocial personality and belief in a just world and the psychological reaction of Tehran’s adolescent supported and street working girls. In terms of purpose, this is an applied research work, and with regard to data collection method, it is descriptive research of survey type. The target population of the study was the care centers for adolescent girls working in Tehran in 2017. Multi-stage sampling was done by first classifying the city of Tehran into three geographical areas (north, center and south) and then randomly selecting a working youth care center from each area. Eventually, the three centers Yavaran-e Itam Charity Center, Bonyad Charity Institute and Ma'ak Charity Institute were selected. From the centers under study, a group of self-employed adolescent girls who met the criteria for entering the survey were invited to answer the prosocial personality, belief in a just world and psychological reaction questionnaires. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using MANOVA method with SPSS statistical software. The results indicated that the prosocial personality, belief in a just world and psychological reaction of the adolescent supported and street working girls are different, and all the hypotheses of the article were confirmed.

The aim of this study was to explore the role of self-differentiation in predicting couples' self-actualization with the mediation of creative thinking. This study was conducted using the descriptive correlational method, and the statistical population included all the couples in Mashhad. From among this population, 75 couples (150 people) were selected through the one-stage cluster sampling method, and they completed the Ahwaz Self-Actualization Inventory (ASAI), the Creative Thinking Questionnaire and the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI). The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software and the statistical tests matching the types of variables including Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between self-differentiation and self-actualization (P = 0.001), and creative thinking can play a mediating role in the relationship between these two variables such that self-differentiation in a direct path (b= 0.21) and creative thinking in an indirect path (b= 0.31) predict couples' self-actualization.

The present study was aimed at determining the effect of religious orientation and sense of humor on psychological stress with the mediation of optimism in students. The statistical population consisted of all the female senior high school students of Ahwaz, Iran who were studying in the academic year 2015-2016. From among them, 308 students were selected using the multistage random sampling method. The required data were collected using the Arian Religious Orientation Questionnaire (1998), the Sevari Sense of Humor Questionnaire (2016), the Shearer, Carver and Briggs Life Orientation Questionnaire (1994) and the Lovebound and Lovebound Psychological Stress Questionnaire (1995). The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results revealed that, while modifying some of the relationships in the proposed model, the religious orientation and sense of humor have a positive causal effect on optimism, and the same variables do not have a negative causal effect on psychological stress. It was further revealed that religious orientation and sense of humor have an indirect negative causal effect on psychological stress through optimism, and optimism has a direct negative causal effect on psychological stress. The findings were indicative of the effect of religious orientation and sense of humor on the reduction of psychological stress through optimism. Hence, a more prosperous and healthy future with less stress can be created for individuals, especially students, by enhancing religious orientation, sense of humor and optimism.