فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 36، تابستان 1399)

Disaster resilience is a complex and multi-dimensional concept whose psychosocial aspects become more uncertain in relation to physical reconstruction. Since one of the most important effects of a disaster is the psychosocial consequences that lead to disruptions in the survivors' individual and collective lives, this article investigates the impact of different aspects of neighborhood reconstruction and its relationship with the traumatic socio-psychological consequences after the earthquake.

For evaluation, Khajeh Murad Neighborhood after the 2003 Bam Earthquake was selected as the case study. The research hypotheses, including one main hypothesis and three sub-hypotheses, were measured by a quantitative approach through the formulation of a two-part questionnaire assessing different aspects of neighborhood reconstruction and the standard questionnaire of post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated social consequences.

According to the results of the analysis, there is a significant and inverse relationship between different aspects of neighborhood reconstruction and psychosocial consequences of the earthquake. Thus, with the increasing quality and resilience of reconstruction, the psychosocial consequences of the earthquake also heal or reduce. Also, based on the findings of sub-assumptions, increasing the quality of physical reconstruction of residential environment, natural landscapes and collective memories have significant and inverse relationship with social-psychological consequences of the earthquake. In contrast, this relationship was not seen in the case of public utilities and neighborhood infrastructure.

In the healing or decreasing psychosocial consequences of disaster, the scale of neighborhood reconstruction has a different impact on survivors. Also, tangible components at these scales have a different effect than intangible components. It turned out that the socio-psychological resilience of communities depends on resilience reconstruction of housing, neighborhood and social and ecological landscapes.

In todays changing environmental conditions, nations and organizations have to face with different crisis. Identifying factors affecting the success of crisis management activities will be helpful. Among affecting factors, public participation is one that can affect the success of crisis performance and its research aims to investigate it.

This applied research was conducted in descriptive (survey) method. Statistical population is consist of University of Zanjan’s staff and students as well as their contacts in social media networks. For data collection, questionnaire was used which its content validity and reliability (by using Alpha Cronbach test) was validated. The questionnaires were distributed electronically and total of 295 questionnaires were collected. Data analysis performed by using SPSS and path analysis with AMOS

Findings show that there is a significant correlation between public participation and crisis management performance. Public participation has also a positive direct impact on crisis management performance.  In addition, the effect of cognitive participation on practical participation was significant. The impact of pre-crisis performance on post-crisis performance was also significant. However, the effect of cognitive participation on any dimension of crisis management performance was not significant. Finally. The effect of practical participation on post-crisis performance was significant.

One of the most important factors that can help the success of crisis management performance is public participation. Through information transition and increasing the public awareness via mass and social media it is possible to effect cognitive and practical of people participation. With pre-crisis activities (informing and preparing) it is possible to improve post-crisis performance.

Educational areas, due to their high number of users, obsolescence and structural instabilities have a high vulnerability to earthquake and fire. Among educational centers, universities are more vulnerable when encountered hazards because of the high number of users as well as unique documents and studies. Non-structural disorders and also lack of awareness of university professors, students and staffs about disaster situation and their functions are among the others causes that prove the importance of this issue. In the present research, Faculty of Law at Shahid Beheshti University has been chosen as a case to investigate and provide strategies to reduce vulnerability against earthquakes.

The research method used is a descriptive-analytical survey method. In this regard, statistical, descriptive and inferential methods have been used. In order to achieve and identify executive solutions and pathological planning to collect library and internet information and to collect data, field observation and imaging and review of maps and distribution of questionnaires among students, professors and staff of the faculty have been used. In order to identify the level of awareness of officials and managers regarding crisis management in the faculty and collect information from them, an interview was conducted.

Based on the findings of library information, observations, questionnaires and interviews, the potential risks in organizational and non-structural dimensions were identified and predicted. Therefore, the disaster command system has been designed and measures have been taken to reduce the risk, as well as suggestions for preparedness for the accident.

According to the studies, to reduce the vulnerability of the faculty, measures such as holding maneuvers and training classes, preparing brochures, preparing and installing emergency exit plans to increase the readability of the plan, as well as Incident Command System Proper arrangement of furniture, use of Window Film on the glass and moving the buffet near the exit are proposed.

The worn-out urban structure is the whole or that part of the urban space whose biological system has been disrupted and dysfunctional both in terms of construction and the function of vital components. In this study, an attempt was made to get acquainted with the worn-out structure and the degree of vulnerability in dealing with unexpected events, and after identifying the factors, to investigate it to reduce the amount of damage. For this purpose, field studies were performed and the use of past experiences as well as preparing and distributing responses among those involved in disaster management measures to assess the current strategies of the crisis management cycle to analyze them to adopt appropriate strategies.

The present study is an applied and descriptive-statistical work. The statistical population composed of 60 people and experts involved in crisis management and services and organs and services in disasters and accidents such as crisis management, fire and safety services.

Each of the factors affecting the vulnerability of worn-out structures, such as the network of passages, housing, green space, medical and relief centers, bridges and underpasses, water, gas and telecommunication electricity networks, have a normal distribution, because (0.05 = α <sig).

Studies have shown that at the 99% confidence level (α = 0.01), each of the above factors are effective, and in the analysis, the order of effectiveness showed that at the confidence level, 99% (= 0.01) α). The order of influence of each of the factors affecting the vulnerability of worn-out tissue is different, because (α = 0.01 = Sig = 0.0001). Therefore, in ranking the factors affecting housing vulnerability (Bamyangin Rating: 4.57) the highest and green space (Bamyangin Rating: 2.32) have the lowest priority.
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Based on the importance of crisis management in broad natural events because of: wide range of impacts and its potential for severe damages, this article provided an indigenous model for disaster management in natural disasters.

The method used in this study is grounded theory. To design the model, 18 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of academic experts, experts and managers in crisis management in the governorate, the HELAL AHMAR as well as NGOs that were directly and indirectly involved with the recent Kermanshah earthquake.

In summary, the results of this study showed that: Factors like: the extent of casualties, the need for proper organization, the need for speed in rescue, the need for coordination between NGO and government agencies, the need for supervision, maintaining public order are conditions affecting managing natural disaster crisis in Iran".
This phenomenon is influenced by: the culture, infrastructure, and public facilities specific to that region, and factors such as trained manpower, specialized equipment, facilities, budgets, and social media interfere with its formation.

Implementation of strategies such as improvement of structural changes in operating organizations, trust building, facility retrofitting, planning, task allocation and inter-institutional coordination, improvement of earthquake information and communication management system, logistics and first aid storage, and education and culture can reduce financial and environmental lose. In end of this article solutions were presented to improve crisis management in such incidents.

This study aims at investigating the vulnerability of areas in the eighth municipal district of Tehran. In this research, the indices of distance from fault, maximum earth acceleration, soil permeability, landslide, liquefaction, population density, land use, ground floor area, type of building materials, and age of buildings were identified, examined, and analyzed statistically.

In this study, ARCGIS 11 software was used to extract the information pertaining to the research indices. Then, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was run and Expert Choice 11 software was utilized to weight the indices in terms of vulnerability. Finally, the vulnerability of the areas was revealed.

The results of this study showed that distance from fault and population density held the highest importance coefficients and the highest difference was observed in population density index in areas of the Eighth district. The sub-index of population density index in area three with 59.92% took up a large difference with the other two districts.

At the end, the vulnerability map shows that area 3 is the most vulnerable one and a large portion of worn-out contexts exists in this area. In terms of vulnerability, area 3 with the importance coefficient of 51.39, area 1 with the importance coefficient of 27.19, and area 2 with the importance coefficient of 21.42 have taken up the first, second, and third ranks, respectively.

Informal settlements are self-motivated settlements with minimal and insignificant facilities that have been formed in a deplorable situation in the corners of the cities and continue to expand. Certainly, one of the obvious aspects of this deplorable situation is the inappropriate body and social and economic poverty of the residents of these domiciles. Therefore, in order to moderate the unfavorable situation and empower these areas, it is obligatory to be aware of the past and present situation of these domiciles. For this purpose, this study has examined the physical, social, economic, and environmental indicators of informal domiciles in the metropolis of Tehran.

The research method in this study is based on a descriptive-analytical method. In collecting data and information, library-attributive and field studies have been used. In the analysis of the data, descriptive and inferential statistical tests have been used. The statistical population of the study includes residents of 6 informal domiciles located on the outskirts of the metropolis of Tehran.

The economic index of informal domiciles in Tehran with 99% confidence in the strong point of view (with an average of 3.97) is higher than the average and the opportunity (with an average of 2.15) is lower than the average. Also, the economic index of informal domiciles is higher than the average in terms of weakness (with an average of 4.50) and threat (with an average of 4.58) with 99% confidence.

In determining strategies related to crisis management of settlements, internal and external factors of the social index, threats and strengths and weaknesses of the environmental index, external factors (opportunities and threats) and weaknesses of the economic index should be given priority. Therefore, in order to manage the crisis in informal settlements in Tehran, these strategies are proposed: decentralization of programs and revival of participatory planning of residents in accordance with traditions and culture; Using specialized teams consisting of environmental planners, sociological and economic experts, and experienced to organize the neighborhood; Ensuring security and recognition of the right of residence for residents; Research on Innovation to Improve Neighborhood Rebuilding and Some Settlements; Development of urban and construction rules and regulations appropriate to low incomes; Establishing the security of the residents; Optimal use of empty spaces within the tissue; Increase educational and technical services in the neighborhoods of these settlements.