فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 39 (تابستان 1399)

Friday prayer was one of the religious duties hold at the macro level gradually for the first time in Iran due to some political and religious considerations with the recognition of the Shiite religion by the Safavids. These considerations were due to the religious irony of the Ottomans and the efforts of the scholars and the Safavid government to unify the beliefs of the people and create a sense of solidarity. Discussions were hold and treatises were written on defense and the how of holding Friday prayers after issuing fatwas of its optional or determinative obligation and even not holding it with the fatwa of sanctity in the absence of the Imam of the time. The main issue of this research is to study the roles and causes of the agreement and opposition of the kings and scholars with holding Friday prayers. Findings show that the preparations for Friday prayers have been provided since the first decade of Shah Ismailchr('39')s reign during the conquest of some cities, and later during the Shah Tahmasbchr('39')s reign, with the empowerment of Jabal Amel scholars and the issuance of fatwas, and then the establishment of Shaykh al-Islam position and the appointment of Friday prayer Imams.

A more accurate understanding of the hadiths of the Imams (AS) requires knowing their historical contexts, meaning that the words of the Imam (AS) were narrated at what time, place and situation. One of these hadiths is the hadith of Zinat. This article examines the historical context of the hadith of Zinat so that it could provide a more accurate analysis of it.  Using a descriptive-analytical method and referring to the historical narrative sources, the researchers have studied the special situation of Imam Sadeghchr('39')s (AS) period and then examined the social harms of his time. The functions of the Zinat hadith are also dealt with. Studies and analyzes showed that knowing the historical context plays a very important role in analyzing the content of the hadiths. It was revealed that the hadith of Zinat was narrated in pursuit of identifying Shiites, realizing their peaceful coexistence with others and organizing the Shiite minority within the Sunni majority. It is a roadmap for all Shiites of all ages to bring them to a desirable social status.

The decline of Islamic-Iranian civilization has long been considered by the thinkers. The present study, based on the published works of these two thinkers with the method of comparative study, seeks to compare their views on the causes of the decline of Islamic-Iranian civilization and ways out of it. The findings show that they have divided the degenerative factors into two categories: internal and external. They share in introducing elements such as authoritarian rule and colonialism as factors of degeneration, but in some cases they also have differences. In the section on internal factors, Shahid Motahari emphasizes on factors such as distorting the teachings of Islam, harmful support of religion, etc., and Nasr emphasizes on issues such as the decline of the institution of religion, the decline of institutions, and so on. In the section on external factors, Shahid Motahari mentions the role of non-Muslims, domination and political colonization, but Nasr mentions the influence of Western science and technology and cultural damage in the light of globalization. In the solutions section, each of them has their own opinions.

The Ministry is a frequent concept in Ilkhanid historiography. The Islamic worldview has influenced the tendency of Ilkhanid historiographers to record the developments of the ministry. The Islamic attitude of the middle historiographers of Iran has turned the ministry into an important intellectual think tank. The approach to the ministry demonstrates the accompaniment of Islamic and Iranian intellectual currents to Shariat-oriented Iranian historiographers. The present article seeks to answer this question: what effects the components of Islamic thought have had on the approach of Ilkhanid historiographers to the institution of the ministry? The answer to this question can be obtained by analyzing the insights of the historiographers. The ministry, as a tool in the hands of the just king of religion, has guided him to a higher purpose. Sharichr('39')a-oriented approaches to the ministry can be traced in the importance of the ministry institution, the ministrychr('39')s circumstances, the ministerschr('39') doctrinal planning, and judging the performance of non-Muslim ministers.

The Islam world in the third to sixth centuries (AH) has enjoyed a period of scientific and civilized prosperity. One of the important issues in the field of science education in the Middle Ages of Iran is paying attention to the scientific travels of the scientists. In this research, the scientific travels of a number of Balkhi scholars in the third to sixth centuries (AH) to study or complete their scientific research have been studied. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method to determine to what lands they have traveled the most from Balkh and what was the reason for choosing these cities? It is also very important to see what scientists have been looking for in traveling to these cities. The lands of Iraq (Baghdad and Basra) and Syria (Sham and Aleppo) and the Hejaz and Neishabour have attracted the most scientific attention. The existence of scientific centers such as comprehensive mosques and Nizamiyyahs and invaluable libraries in these lands have been the most important factors in attracting scientists.

The inscription of the Qurchr('39')an requires great care because it must be read easily without error and be visually beautiful. The Qurchr('39')an known as Aria Mehr is the most famous Qurchr('39')an in the Iranian Naskh script, which inspired Master Bani Razi, and the result of his efforts is the inscription of the official Qurchr('39')an of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, there are different unwritten arguments about the fluent reading of these two inscriptions of the Qurchr('39')an. The main aim of this study is to examine the degree of the fluent reading of the Naskh script in the Nirizichr('39')s and Bani Razichr('39')s Qurchr('39')an inscriptions. It is assumed that today the readability of the Qurchr('39')an is more important than in the past. This study seeks to find the answer using a descriptive-comparative method. According to the findings, due to the position of the dot and the diacritics, the way the words are placed on the line, the observance of the distances between words and letters, Bani Razichr('39')s Qurchr('39')an inscription is basically superior in terms of readability comparing with that of Nirizichr('39')s. However, the Nirizichr('39')s work is more beautiful in terms of paying more attention to the beauty of the words, not using the Alef al-Maqsoorah and dealing with the decorations.