نشریه مطالعات زبان و ادبیات غنایی
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1399)

Shekvaieh )Grievance( is one of the subjects of Persian rich poetry that is written in short, medium and long formats, especially in rhymes and sonnets. Many poets have used this literary genre and have spoken of personal or social sufferings. Abolghasem Lahouti is one of the poets of the political and labor literature and a protester in the Constitutional era who has used this poetic method to support the lower classes of society and to criticize tyrant and incompetent rulers. Lahouti's Grievance reflects both the social and political conditions of the constitutional era and his party and political perspective. This article deals with the poetic forms, methods and subjects of Lahoutian scholars by descriptive, analytical and documentary methods. Based on his socialist and political ideas and goals, defended the interests of workers, farmers, the afflicted and the disadvantaged of the various social classes, and strongly criticized domestic tyrants, oppressors, the rich classes, the exploiters, the demons, the religionists, the superstitious beliefs, demagogue and public ignorance.

One of the most important epic works in Persian is Shamsuddin Mohammad Kowsaj's dictionary. In this poem, the poet describes events related to Borzoo's son Sohrab and his entourage. Although dominant in the epic newsletter, the reflection of the emotional traits associated with a rich literature is clearly seen. Therefore, in the present paper, the most important components of the Lyric of the vocabulary are investigated by reference to the library resources and the descriptive-analytical method. The research results show that Kowsaj uses themes such as: praise, humor, blasphemy, romantic bonds, descriptions, worldliness, grief and prayer, prayer and demand, personal expression, swearing and mockery, while creating an Epic- Lyric work has elaborated on the intricacies of the characters in the story and given a special dynamical narrative flow. Also, the inherent violence of the epic texts seems to have been mildly tempered by the use of rich components and has been significantly reduced.

Baharestan Jami (817-898 AH) is a book of ethics and moral advice with simple prose mixed with peotry written in 892 AH. Jami has written this instructions and allegorical work in imitation of Saadi's Gulestan. The fourth vow of Jami’s Baharestan is about love and lovers. Muhiuddin ibn Arabi (638-660 AH) is a great Andalusian mystic whose mysticism is based on love. Love is considered by Jami and Ibn Arabi to have many similarities. This paper is a descriptive-analytic and library research that aims to answer the question of what love is to Ibn al-Arabi and Jami. Based on the research findings, Jami seems to have been influenced by Ibn Arabi in explaining love, and both consider love to be innate and the basis of creation. For Ibn al-Arabi and Jami, the principle of mysticism, love, and unity of existence is that the centrality of the being and the truth of existence is the right of transcendence, and there is no other truth apart form that.

Literature, especially the poetry of the Mashrooteh era, is often of the type of social-political literature, and depicts the sufferings of society at a critical time in the history of Iran. The Mashrooteh poet is expressing agent of society and expresses its pain. These calamities, whether from the government or nongovernmental bases, are reflected in the poetry of the Mashrooteh. The main mission of Mashrooteh poetry is to unite with the people with the intention of notifying and informing, to show protest and anger against the oppressors, and more precisely to fight against internal tyranny and external colonialism. Complaint is a poem that is aggressive and aroused by the emotion of anger and expresses the poet's disgust and protest against what does not correspond to his ideals or is against his attitudes and goals. Mirzadeh Eshghi, along with the passionate excitement and passion of sensitive emotions, is so brave and anti-oppressive that finally longs to achieve his mission and aspiration at the cost of his life and was removed from the circle of anti-authoritarianism. In this article, by studying, examining, and analyzing the themes of his grievances and views and the views of those around him and future generations, we try to show how and with whom this committed poet protested, against whom, and why and how he was removed from the battlefield. This is necessary and useful for finding the role of Mashrooteh poetry and literature and the value and importance of the poets of this period.

Conversation with an unseen force, which had long been of interest to the primitive man, became lawful with the Abrahamic religions and became a form of prayer. Prayer with God is one of the most valuable and important things in Islam, and has received a lot of attention in the texts related to the teachings of the Shari'a and the Sufi texts. One of the most important religious books in which, in addition to religious teachings, mystical and literary issues are discussed is the book of Sahifa Sajjadieh by Imam Sajjad (AS). This analytical-descriptive article examines the place of prayer in Sahifa Sajjadieh's book. The main axes of research are repentance, patience, gratitude, hope, holy fear, voluntary poverty, abnegation, dependence on God, love and unity of God. The results of the research show that Imam Sajjad (AS), who was full of feelings and emotions in the text of Sahifa Sajjadieh's book, paid more attention to approaches based on love and even considered love to be higher than kindness and believed that kindness is the prerequisite of attaining love. Imam (AS) also considers kindness to one’s self as the first stage of love, as the exact same prayers, functions, and supplications that exist in his prayers are realizations of love of self.

The literary genre of narrative poetry plays an important role in communicating with audience and is vital in preserving and transferring history and culture of a nation. Poems of The Noon of the 10th Day by Aminpour, The Tale of the Petrified city by Akhavan-Sales and The Footsteps of Water by Sepehri are the bases of analysis in this study. The present study formed on the basic enquiry as to how the syntactic and semantic role of “adverb and adjective” is in the three poets’ thoughts formed, what beliefs are transferred and what the stylistic parameters are. The current study implemented descriptive-analytical research method and by means of “modality in adverb and adjective” measured poet’s thought reflection in text and his positioning by analyzing the function of adverb and adjective in text. The outcomes of this study indicates that idealistic thoughts, realism and morbidity flow in these poems. These new genres of lyrical literature are considered as “subtype and as lyrical literature derivatives”. The Footsteps of Water and The Noon of 10th Day are “realistic and affective” in style but The Tale of the petrified City is “realistic” only. Aminpour’s orientation in poetry theme is an upfront one but the orientation of Sepehri and Akhavan-Sales are upfront and hidden at the same time.