فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

The current research aimed to determine the explanatory variables of domestic marketing in Wrestling Federation using Bansal model. The statistical population included all staff, referees, and national athletes in wrestling cooperating with the federation for the past five years. The sample was equal to the population (N=280). Data were collected by the standard questionnaire including 6 dimensions of domestic marketing of Bansal model (education, job security, reward, information sharing, staff empowerment, and reduction of social class gap). The validity was confirmed by the experts and its reliability was achieved to be 0.75. In order to analyze the data, statistical tests of K-S, one-sample t test and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Findings showed that dimensions of education, information sharing and empowerment were above the average and dimensions of job security, reward and reduction of social class gap were about average. Reduction of social class gap had the highest importance and job security had the lowest importance in explaining the domestic marketing of the Wrestling Federation.

Training helps increase bone mass density, strength and rigidity by the activation of hormonal, mechanical and muscular mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of histomorphometric parameters after 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). 16 male Wistar rats (mean weight 250 ± 50 g and 8 weeks of age) were randomly divided into control (n=8) and experimental groups (n=8). The training protocol consisted of 4 minutes of running with high intensity at 85-90% VO2max and 3 minutes of recovery with the intensity of 50-60% VO2max, which was performed 3 days per week, 1 hour for 8 weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, animals were anesthetized and sacrificed; then their femur was removed and fixed in formalin. Histomorphometric parameters were measured using a photomicroscope. Independent t test was used to analyze the data with a significance level of P<0.05. The results indicated that 8 weeks of HIIT had no significant effect on bone weight (P=0.270) and length (P=0.290). However, bone volume/trabecular bone volume ratio (P=0.004), thickness of ephyphysis (P=0.001), thickness of metaphysis (P=0.001) and trabecular number (P=0.002) significantly increased. Additionally, osteoid thickness did not significantly increased between experimental and control groups (P=0.207). It seems that high intensity interval training may affect bone strength and rigidity through increased trabecular and cancellous bone thickness.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of communication skills and negotiation styles with the conflict in the experts in physical education departments of the Islamic Azad Universities of the northwest region of Iran. The statistical population included all the experts in physical education departments of the Islamic Azad Universities of the northwest region of Iran (n=49). Because of the limited number of population, all the members of the population were selected as the sample. Data were collected using Breton Communication Skills Questionnaire (1990), Pierre's Organizational Negotiation Styles (1989), Dubern's Job Conflict (1985) and personal characteristics questionnaire. To analyze the data, the methods of determining mean‚ standard deviation‚ frequency and table drawing in the descriptive statistics were used. Also, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used in the inferential statistics. The results showed a significant positive relationship between communication skills and conflict, but there was no significant relationship between negotiation styles and conflict. There was also a significant positive relationship between communication skills and negotiation styles. Considering the significant relationship between communication skills and conflict, and also a significant relationship between communication skills and negotiation styles, it is suggested that high-ranking authorities of the organization should decrease conflict in the organization by providing training and enhancing communication skills and negotiation styles.

Listening to the music during the exercise improves some physiological and psychological factors. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of music on anaerobic performance response in young male and female athletes. 14 male (mean age 22.28±1.58) and 10 female (mean age 21.30±1.85) physical education students participated voluntarily in this quasi-experimental study. Using a counter-balanced design, the subjects took the Wingate test in two sessions with and without fast tempo music. Indicators of anaerobic performance (power peak, power mean, power drop) were measured. Data were analyzed with SPSS (two-way analysis of variance) at the significance level of P≤0.05. Results indicated that the variables of power peak and mean anaerobic power were higher with music than without music (P=0.049, P=0.01). When the interaction effects of music and gender were considered, there were no significant differences and music had the same effect on both genders. As for the variable of percentage of power drop, there were no significant differences between performance with and without music. Gender did not have any significant differences between males and females (P>0.05). However, when the interaction effects of music and gender were considered, females exhibited a lower power drop in response to music (P=0.05). In general, fast tempo music had a significant effect on improving anaerobic performance in the male and female athletes, and females exhibited less power drop than men during anaerobic exercises accompanied by music.

Exercise helps diabetic people greatly to control weight, balance blood glucose better, reduce a need for medications and insulin and balance blood lipid. The present study aimed to examine the diabetic patients’ barriers to their participation in sport activities. The methodology was descriptive – analytic and field method. The population consisted of 3000 diabetic patients in Urmia city and 341 subjects were selected by simple random sampling method.  The sport participation barriers questionnaire of ‎Keshgar et al. (2007) was used to collect data. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov - Smirnov, independent sample t test, ANOVA with repeated measures and LSD post hoc test) were used. The results of ANOVA indicated a significant difference in barriers to participation in sport activities (structural and infrastructure, interpersonal, intrapersonal) (P=0.001, F=637.887). The results of independent t test showed a significant difference (P<0.01) in structural barriers (P=0.01, r=0.006) and interpersonal barriers (P=0.01, r=0.001) to participation in sport between men and women. Given structural barriers was the first priority in the sport participation of diabetic patients, it is suggested that the authorities should reduce the structural barriers using targeted programs and policies, facilitate the participation of these patients in sport activities and pave the way for the development and growth of the community.

Recently, researchers have shown game simulation as the best way of training. On the other hand, there are various posts in basketball which have different physiological and training demands. Therefore, metabolic changes of backcourt and frontcourt players were investigated during a basketball game. 5 main players of 14 teams that participated in 2017 under 23 years of age, national or premier leagues were selected as the subjects. Players’ saliva samples were collected after 40 minutes of a basketball game (with regard to the FIBA roles) and compared using metabolomics. HMNR was used for metabolomics and MestReNova and Metaboanalyst were applied for data analysis. PCA and PLSDA were used for statistical tests. Results showed that taurine, succinic acid, citric acid and glycerol metabolites were higher in backcourt players and lactate and alanine in frontcourt players. Therefore, it can be concluded that backcourt and frontcourt plays relay more on aerobic and anaerobic pathways repetitively. Also, it seems that active oxygen species production is more in backcourt players.

The aim of the present study was to design a customer confusion model over selecting follower sport equipment. This study was descriptive, applied and based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all visitors of the 15th International Sport and Sport Equipment Exhibition in Tehran. The size of the sample was determined by structural equation sampling and 98 questionnaires were collected from available samples. The research questionnaire was developed by Delphi technique with the employment of the viewpoints of 6 sport marketing professors of Iran, and its face and content validities were confirmed by several sport marketing professors. Construct validity was reported higher than 0.5 for all factors by convergent validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability and the coefficients of both tests for all factors were greater than 0.7. The hypotheses testing and fitting model were performed by SMARTPLS software. The findings showed a significant effect of imitation of name and appearance on imitating the identity and image of leading brands, and the effect of imitation of the appearance, identity and image of the leading brand on customer confusion was reported as significant. The effect of imitation of the name on customer confusion was not reported as significant. Also, customer confusion, identity imitation and leading brand image had a significant effect on the selection of the follower brand. Hence, it can be said that follower brands mimic leading brands with the aim of creating confusion among customers in order to push them into selecting follower brands instead of leading brands. This marketing trick can replace national products with foreign goods.

Hypoxia of adipose tissue cells induces insulin resistance and increases cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training and continuous training on VEGF, PEDF and PAI-1 levels of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in rats fed with high fat diet. 20 male Wistar rats (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) heathy control (Co-S); 2) obese control (Co-HFD); 3) high intensity continuous training (HICT); 4) high intensity interval training (HIIT). Except for the Co-S group, all rats were subjected to high fat diet for 12 weeks. HICT with the intensity of 70-75% Vmax for 80 minutes and HIIT with 85-90% Vmax (13 repetitions, each 4 minutes) were performed for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The amounts of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues proteins were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by dependent t test and one-way ANOVA (P≤0.05). HICT (P=0.002) and HIIT (P=0.001) training modalities controlled weight changes caused by HFD and significantly reduced weight of rats. HIIT significantly increased the VEGF of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and HICT significantly increased VEGF in visceral adipose tissue (P≤0.05). In addition, HICT and HIIT significantly reduced PEDF in subcutaneous adipose tissue and PAI-1 in visceral adipose tissue (P≤0.05). HIIT and HICT improve adipose tissue qualitative properties including vascularization which plays an important role in controlling the pathogenesis of obesity, especially insulin resistance and cardiovascular disorders.

The issue of women attending sport stadiums has long been discussed by experts and government authorities and has not reached a specific conclusion. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate those factors influencing women spectators’ presence in football stadiums. The research population consisted of male spectators who had only experienced to attend men's competitions, as well as women who had only attended the women's competitions. As the number of population was not obvious, 224 subjects (women=114, men=110) were selected by convenience sampling method who had attended stadiums at least 5 times. A 5-point Likert scale researcher-made questionnaire (20 items) was used to collect data. The validity and reliability were confirmed by university professors (r=0.81). Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman test and Binomial test at P≤0.05. The results showed that the factors affecting the presence of women spectators were ranked by their means in 4 factors: managerial (2.69), security (2.63), cultural (2.47), and social (2.22); the priority of these factors was also significant. Accordingly, from the viewpoints of men and women, the development of sports in the family was the most important item affecting the presence of women spectators. Therefore, it is possible to gradually develop the presence of women spectators in football stadiums by developing the culture through family participation in line with Iranian cultural values and security measures.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT), endurance training and resistance training on aerobic fitness (VO2max), maximal strength, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the expression of miRNA-1 and miRNA-133a in young male athletes. In this semi-experimental study, 49 young male athletes (18-20 years old) were selected and randomly assigned to four equal groups: HIIT, endurance training (EN), resistance training (RES) and control. Then, eight weeks (3 to 4 sessions per week) of HIIT, endurance training and resistance training were performed. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after the training intervention. miRNA-1 and miRNA-133a expressions decreased after three types of training (P<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05). VO2max significantly increased after 8 weeks of HIIT and RES training. This increase in HIIT group was significantly higher than the other three groups. Concentration of IGF-1 increased significantly after the intervention in the EN and HIIT groups. In addition, the bench press increased only in the RES group and leg press and lean body mass (LBM) increased in all three training groups; this increase in the RES group was more than the EN and HIIT groups. It seems that these miRNAs are circulation biomarkers to evaluate adaptation to training.

The aim of this study was to identify those factors affecting the growth of knowledge based companies in the field of sport. The method of this study was survey which was conducted as a field. The statistical population included all managers and experts of knowledge based companies in the field of sport in Tehran city. Based on the information obtained from Tehran Science and Technology Park, they were 43 subjects and all of them were selected as the sample by census sampling method. A questionnaire used by Somsuk and Laosirihongthong (2013) was employed to collect data. After Delphi method, the items and factors of this questionnaire were adjusted according to the sport status of Iran. One-sample t test was used to determine the status of each factor of the study. The AHP statistical method was used to rank these factors. All data analysis was performed in SPSS and Super Decisions software. The results showed that among the identified factors, organizational and marketing factors (with a level above the average) were in a desirable condition, but economic, technological and human factors (their average was lower than level 3) were in an undesirable condition in knowledge based companies. The ranking results showed that economic factor (with a closeness coefficient of 0.652) was the most important factor in improving the performance of knowledge based companies in sport. The results also revealed that technology factor (with a closeness coefficient of 0.158) was the least important factor in improving the performance of knowledge based companies in sport.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water recovery and active recovery on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after soccer matches in elite soccer players. This study was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest with 3 repetitions. The sample consisted of 30 elite soccer players in Iran soccer league (mean age of 21.66±1.21 years) who participated in the study voluntarily by convenience sampling method. Participates were divided randomly into 2 equal groups (each group 15 subjects): water recovery and active recovery. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the match, one hour and 24 hours after the recovery to measure the level of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes. Descriptive and inferential statistics (mean, standard deviation and ANOVA with repeated measures) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that water recovery and active recovery significantly decreased creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between water recovery and active recovery groups in creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes (P<0.001). According to these results, it can be concluded that water recovery and active recovery reduced creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes that can reduce the injuries and fatigue after the training. The mean lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in the water recovery group reduced more than the active recovery group (P<0.001, d=0.94). Mean creatine kinase enzyme in the active recovery group reduced more than the water recovery group (P<0.001, d=0.92).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational socialization on organizational citizenship behavior of employees with an emphasis on the mediating role of person – environment fit in Sport and Youth offices of Lorestan province. The Methodology of the study was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population consisted of all employees of Sport and Youth offices of Lorestan province (N=147). Census sampling method was used and the sample was equal to the collected questionnaires (n=136). Ozdemir (2015) questionnaire was used to collect data. After translation, its face and content validities were confirmed by 11 experts; its construct validity was examined by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.91). Descriptive statistics were used to categorize the data and to provide means. Route-Structural Modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The result showed that organizational socialization had a significant effect on person – environment fit and organizational citizenship behavior. Person – environment fit had a significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior and finally the research model had a good fit with data. Accordingly, it is recommended that managers of Sport and Youth offices of Lorestan province should emphasize the components of organizational socialization and provide the chance to promote them in their employees. Also, they should pay attention to job needs and person – career fit so that organizational citizenship behavior of employees can increase.