مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 60 (خرداد و تیر 1399)

Due to the rapid growth of smartphones and their capabilities, these phones have become an essential personal medium for searching information, social communication, economic activities, and advertising, especially in sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the use of smartphones in sport. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population included physical education students of Kurdistan University (280 students) in undergraduate, postgraduate and postgraduate studies, all of them selected as samples. A total of 201 complete questionnaires (72 women and 129 male) were used for analysis. In order to achieve the goals of the research, the history of the initial questionnaire was defined proportionate to the purpose of the research. The face and content validity of it was evaluated by experts (7) using the carcass model (CVR = 0.84) and its construct validity was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the internal consistency of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and structural equation model were used to examine the fit of the research model. The results of the study showed that the perceptions of the technology acceptance model, special characteristics of sport and flow theory have a significant effect on the decision to use smartphones in sport. Therefore, sports marketers can use it in various sports fields considering these factors and the capabilities of this valuable technology.

Because of Knowledge is the most important source of knowledge-based economy, Economy in sports is influenced by the evaluation of the knowledge-based economy. The aim of this study is Identifying and levels of knowledge-based economy in sport which was conducted through qualitative research method with fundamental-exploratory nature. Research data was collected through snowball sampling method and based on in-depth interviews with experts. Data were analyzed after coding according to grounded theory and data constructivist approach. The results indicated that knowledge-based economy is categorized into three levels: individual-dependent knowledge-based economy, organization-dependent knowledge-based economy and society-dependent knowledge-based economy. Institutionalizing of knowledge along with knowledge management in individual-dependent knowledge-based economy, requirements and substrates of the knowledge-based economy in organization-dependent knowledge-based economy, scientific development in society-dependent knowledge-based economy and holism in definitions of the knowledge-based economy in sport had the most agreement among the interviews. As a conclusion of findings, in knowledge-based economy in sport, production and distribution is based on application of information and knowledge. Regarding importance of levels and components of knowledge-based economy in sport, policymaker in sport must to prepare implements and practices.

The purpose of this study was to design the Model of the Development of Adventure Sports Tourism via Grounded Theory. This research conducted using qualitative method with semi-structured interviews with 16 people including professors and experts in sport management (6 people), experienced and elite sports and youth departments (5 people) and experts from the Department of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (3 people) ) And active people in adventure sports (2 people) who were selected using purposeful sampling. Data were collected by reviewing the previous researches and semi-structured interviews. For face and content validity, the findings of the research were presented to the participants and their points of view was applied to the theory. The method used to examine reliability was an intra-subject agreement method. The average agreement within the subject was 0.79. Based on the findings, the needs and challenges in this research include social and cultural, entrepreneurship-based employment, excitement management, communications management and infrastructure; barriers including administrative management, facilities, personal, financial and economic, security, infrastructure, information; The basics include rules and regulations, cultural and informational, academic and human resources specialists; solutions include safety management, education and culture, event management and quality management, and innovation, including economic, social and cultural impacts. Therefore, it is suggested that, in order to develop adventure sports tourism, based on the identified factors, management policies should be established to promote adventure sports tourism.

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively analyze sustainable development through sport and identify its barriers and strategies. The method of the present study was qualitative research in terms of purpose and type of strategy which used the grounded theory approach to present the results. The research participants included 21 elites (including faculty members, senior managers in the Ministry of Sport and Youth and Sports Federations, experts, sports coaches and former national team players). The data were collected through exploratory interviews. The criterion for completing the data collection was theoretical saturation. In order to data analysis, Glaser's (1992) Emergent approach was used and this process was performed through three open, axial and selective coding processes. In examining the barriers to sustainable development through sport, 47 independent codes and 11 concepts that formed three general categories (cognitive-knowledge, structural and legal-managerial barriers) were identified and classified. Also, in the Strategies 35 codes and 10 concepts were extracted and categorized into three general categories (Perceptual-Communication, Economic-Structural, and Functional Strategies). The results of this study can be taken into consideration in the macro planning of the country as well as the development plans of the sports sector. Also, by focusing on removing the barriers and adopting strategies derived from this research, we can pave the way for achieving the country's sustainable development goals.

The present study aims at investigating the factors affecting the attendance of Iran National Football Team fans in 2018 FIFA World Cup based on the “consumed values” theory. The method was analytically descriptive and applied from objective perspective which was conducted in the field. The population included all Iranian fans attending the Russia during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Due to lack of accurate statistics on them, 384 persons were selected randomly by accessible sampling technique based on the table developed by Krejcie and Morgan for unknown population. The measurement tools included a researcher-made questionnaire of which the validity and reliability was confirmed through taking the professors and experts (10 persons) opinions while reviewing closely the context and literature. Its reliability was also calculated by Cronbach’s alpha (0.84). To analyse the data, descriptive statistics (mean, SD) and inferential statistical methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis and second order confirmatory factor analysis) were used. Results showed that the most important reason for attendance of fans in stadiums are emotional, social, cognitive, conditional and functional factors with load factors of 0.98, 0.94, 0.91, 0.85, 0.64, respectively. Emotional values and nationalism are among the factors that explain the presence of fans in national team matches globally, far more than other values used by fans at lower levels. This has led fans to neglect obstacles such as distance, economic size, weather conditions, ticket prices and housing conditions, and to attend the stadium to attend the World Cup in these places is synonymous with pride national and social image.

The aim of this study was to provide a framework for systematic analaysis of the production process to the consumption of Iranian sports goods. the research methodology was performed in terms of quality, process strategy and the objective was applied. The statistical population was selected two parts consists of human community (Directors of sports production companies,</strong> Professors in Economics and Sport Marketing, and ect) and the information community. the statistical sample was surveyed for targeted available selection (22 people and 54 documents) based on theoretical saturation and you will be considered. Research tools included systematic library study and the exploratory interview structure. the validity of tools using qualitative narrative methods was evaluated at a desirable level (Content validity, Kappa coefficient). The method of conceptual coding and frameworks were used for analyze the findings. The presented analytical framework consists of six phases of management, production, distribution, consumption, and outcomes. So that nine total view of the international environment, the internal environment, strategic management, production efficiency, organization of domestic distribution, export development, domestic consumption development, field-Identify external consumption and sustainable development. The conceptual model derived from the code strings is depicted as a process system from production to consumption (environment to the outcome). totally results showed that the factors determining the boom of the Iranian sports products market are not limited to a specific area, such as the production system, marketing or consumer culture, but in the process of production to consumption, and each stage requires a special strategy.

This study was aimed at investigating the factors influencing capacity improvement of sport spaces for the development of urban security. The study method adapted was a field survey. The study sample includes all university professors and managers of some private and public sports complexes in Tehran. A researcher-made questionnaire was used and designed according to the theory of crime prevention through environmental design and expert opinion. The exploratory factor analysis and group hierarchy process analysis were used for analysis of data. Data analysis was done in SPSS software and superdecision. The results showed that totally 7 factors included 842.42% of the total variance of the questions. The results of the ranking showed that the factors related to the monitoring sports spaces with a normal score of 0.398 are the most important factors concerning sport spaces for the development of urban security. The results also showed that the factors related to programs and activities in sport spaces with a normal score of 271/0 and factors related to access to sports spaces with a normal score of 234/0 are other factors concerning sports spaces for the development of urban security. The results also showed that the factors related to visual and environmental comfort with a normal score of 045/0 are the least important factor compared to other factors related to sports spaces for the development of urban security.

The Survival of the sports shops depends on attracting and maintaining a sufficient number of customers. The recognition of the reasons for attracting and switching customers is very important. The purpose of this study was to introduce a structural model for customers switching from sports shops. The research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research was the customers of Tehran sports shops, who bought from the region of Moniriyeh. Among which 337 individuals were selected with a simple random method based on the Morgan's table. The standard questionnaire designed by Emadi et al (2014) was used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire was approved by ten sports management experts. In a pilot study to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire 30 questionnaires were distributed and Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 was obtained. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the functional dimension of the factor load of 0.87، the indifference dimensions with the factor load of 0.85, the basic dimension of the factor load of 0.68, and the motivational dimension with the factor load of 0.59 had the most effect on customers switching. Also, in the fundamental aspect, poor quality of the goods of the shop with the factor load of 0.82; in functional dimension, the lack of convenient and convenient access to the store with the factor load of 0.94; in the motivational dimension, unreasonable price of the goods of the shop with the factor load of 0.86 and in the indifferent dimension, Inappropriate advertising for the store in the city with the factor load of 0.87 were the most important component of customer loss from sports shops. Overall, we conclude that managers must always understand the factors affecting their customer switching and try to reduce them in order to compete with other competitors to achieve competitive advantage and have more loyal customers.

The purpose of this study was to study the improvement of the green information system in sports facilities and sports organizations of Islamic Azad University. This research was mix method that was done on the field. The statistical population of this study consists of all managers and staff members of sport affairs of free universities throughout the country. In order to select a sample at the National Sports Association of the Islamic Azad University, in the year 1395, with the participation of all sports officials of the Azad University of the country and employees of the Sports Department of the Central Organization, the total number of people attending the gathering (340 of 114 academic units). The questionnaire was distributed to the researcher, of which 320 questionnaires were returned to the researcher. The present research tool was a questionnaire of staff's maturity status for the green information system and a questionnaire on the factors affecting the improvement of the green information system in the department of sports of Islamic Azad University. The statistical analysis method in this study included statistical methods of Smironom colomograf, T-test and exploratory factor analysis. The results of this study showed that the maturity level of Islamic Azad University's sports departments regarding the name of the green information in all areas including the data center (mean = 2.55; P= 0.001); administrative environment (mean = 59.2; P=0.001), the method of work (mean= 2.56; P=0.001), logistics (mean = 2.60; P=0.001) and organizational citizenship laws (mean=2.52; P=0.001) was an unfavorable level. In general, in order to improve the green information system, some cultural, educational and individual aspects are needed to improve the field of maturity of Islamic Azad University sports departments.

The present study aimed to examine the relationships among core product quality, service quality and spectators’ involvement, in the context of professional football. 840 spectators from ten teams of Iranian pro league of football were selected through stratified-random sampling, and they completed the scales of study, voluntarily. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to evaluate and test hypotheses. The results of the test showed that the research model has appropriate fitness and can be used to evaluate the involvement of football spectators. The effect of the core product quality on the involvement of the spectators was significant, while the quality of services did not have a significant effect on their involvement. Results showed that there is not enough creativity in response to the needs and demands of the spectators from the managers and sports organization. Therefore, if conditions are provided that, along with factors affecting the quality of the core product, the factors that affect the quality of services can also be creatively strengthened, we will undoubtedly see more involvement of consumers.

The aim of this study was to Validation and standardization of Volunteers Function Questionnaire in Sport. The research method is descriptive and is a type of structural equation that has been implemented fieldly. The statistical population of this study was the athletes in the Iran out of which 392 questionnaires were collected. Measurement Instrument was a questionnaire of 18-item used Volunteers Function (Kim, 2010) with six subscales (Enhancement, Protective, Career, Social, Understanding, Values). Statistical methods were descriptive indexes for describing data, Cronbach`s alpha for determining validity, analysis of an accepting factor to determine the structures validity was used. Analytical results showed (α=0.89) reliability for Volunteers Function questionnaire. All questions had a significant relationship with their agent in reliability of Structure, the amount of relationship and T-value, and they could be a good predictor for their agent. X2/df=3.13, RMSEA=0.095 indexes and NFI=0.91, CFI=0.90, IFI=0.90 and GFI=0.97 also confirmed the goodness of models. Also, the results about the relations of factors with the meaning of Volunteers Function showed that all factors could be a good predictor for the concept of Volunteers Function. Questionnaire Volunteers Function reliable and valid measure that can be used to evaluate Volunteers Function in the field of sports and reliable and consistent results are achieved.

The purpose of this study was to investigate Effect of the Website's Environmental Signs on the Fans' Intention for Revision: Emphasizing the role of the mediator of inner and emotional states the present research is purposeful and applied in terms of data collection as a descriptive survey research. The statistical community was formed by all fans of the Persepolis team. A total of 370 people participated in the study. The instrument for measuring the questionnaire was Karimi-al-Vicheh and Ali Talab (2017) and Sao et al. (2013). To examine and answer the questions, the questionnaire was studied by eight sports management professors. Convergence and convexity prove the reliability of the instrument. The results indicated that website design, content and website structure have a positive impact on the cognitive and emotional states of the fans. Also, Sobel test findings showed that the cognitive and emotional states of the fans provide a meaningful link between the dimensions of the website in order to re-visit the fans. As a general rule, soccer clubs can create an environment with standard web sites that allow them to create emotional and cognitive conditions for their fans and make them re-visit the web. They have made the website and thus achieve their desired goals.