فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 31 (بهار 1399)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous play in nature on play behavior and happiness of the pre-school children. To this end, 45 children aged 4 to 6 were selected as a sample from Tabriz, in three groups of the outdoor, indoor space, and control. Play behavioral and children's happiness were measured respectively using the pre-school children's behavior in the play, oxford happiness questionnaire, pretest-posttest. Mix ANOVA showed that outdoor activity between pretest-posttest had a significant effect on play behavior and happiness of the children, so that 71% of changes in the play behavior and 98 %of changes in the happiness of the children were affected by their nature outdoor activities. It is while activity in indoors did not have a significant effect on children's play behavior and happiness. The results were discussed with respect to the external bronfenbrenner biomechanical and Piaget cognitive theory.

The present study investigated the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy using exposure technique on sports injury anxiety in a 21-year-old downhill cycling athlete. This quasi-experimental study was implemented with a single subject study and multi-baseline control with a 3-month follow-up. The data was measured using the Beck anxiety inventory, sport injury anxiety scale and a structured clinical interview. The data was analyzed in graph presentations and using the recovery percentage formula. The findings showed significant implications for the effect of exposure technique on athlete injury anxiety. The recovery percentage of the subject for reducing anxiety symptoms and injury anxiety was 71% and 49.5%, respectively. The statistical results and results of other studies suggest that the present study provides promising findings. As a result, psychologists should consider the exposure technique as a simple and inexpensive method of reducing injury anxiety in athletes.

The present study aims at enhancing the efficiency of physical education classes in motivating the students toward out-of-school physical activities. For this purpose, a sample of 100 male students was taken through cluster sampling, and the students were asked to complete three questionnaires before and after a set of test practices: "Sport Motivation Scale", "Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Exercise Settings", and "Intention to Partake in Physical Activities". Conducted during a total of 10 weeks, the practices were performed simultaneously with normal physical education classes. Results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that, compared to other students, the students who practiced the exercise protocol autonomously achieved a higher level of motivation toward exercise and further enjoyed their physical education classes. It was generally concluded that, for most part, autonomous practicing tends to maximize students’ enjoyment at physical education classes while motivating them toward partaking in out-of-school professional physical activity classes.

The purpose of this study was effect of instruction and motivational self-talk in covert and overt levels on muscular strength, physical self-concept and task of adolescent. The participants of this study were 50 girls with an average age of 15 ± 2.5. Participants were randomly divided into five groups (covert and overt instruction self-talk, covert and overt motivational self-talk and control group). Results for the muscular strength of front the thigh, twin, and right leg lunch showed that in fallow up test, covert instruction self-talk group had higher muscle strength than the other groups (P <0.05). For muscular strength of behind the thigh and left leg lunch variables, covert and overt motivational self-talk groups had higher muscle strength than the other groups (P <0.05). Overt motivational self-talk group had higher physical self-concept and task self-efficacy. Educators use instruction and motivational self-talk techniques on covert and overt to promote lower muscle strength, physical self-concept and task self-efficacy

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of music on team cohesion among Tehran basketball players. Two teams from Tehran Basketball Premier League were selected as participants randomly, and 15 athletes from each team were selected by convenience sampling as control and experimental groups. The experimental group was exposed to motivational music during training, for 12 sessions. Evaluation of team cohesion was carried out by group environment questionnaire (GEQ), observations, and interviews with the coaches and athletes. Repeated Measure ANOVA showed a significant increase in three subscales of team cohesion scale in post-test scores in experimental group. Results showed using motivational music at least five weeks in training sessions could increase team cohesion among the players.

The present study was designed and implemented to sociologically identify the celibacy in male athletes of national teams. Modernization perspective by William Good, Parsons' structural functionalism, Durkheim's functionalism, hackers' rational choice theory, Anthony Giddens's modernization, and Two-Tocqueville individualism were all used in the theoretical model of the research. The statistical population of this study included the national single-member sports teams in 2017. Using the availability sampling method, 156 individuals were identified and selected as samples. Pearson test results showed that there was a significant relationship between variables of celibacy, traditional lifestyle, modern lifestyle, religious beliefs, social distrust, fear of failure in marriage, unsuccessful marriage experiences among relatives, and financial-economic costs with materiality. No significant relationship was found with respect to the mass media. In general, the research variables were able to explain celibacy among the athletes.

The present study was designed and implemented with the aim of sociological analysis of the tendency towards martial karate sport with a theoretical model of Pierre Bourdieu. The theoretical model of the research was in accordance with the Pierre Bourdieu theoretical model, in which sports would exercise the social, economic, and cultural capital of individuals. The statistical population of this study is all karate athletes in Gorgan in 2018. According to Morgan sample size table, 285 people were identified as the sample of the study. The research instrument was a questionnaire based on the Pierre Bourdieu theoretical model. Structural equation method was used to analyze the research data. Structural model of research shows that the variables of sport reference model, economic capital, cultural capital of the family, social status of sport and family sport support have a significant effect on karate martial arts sport.

The importance of social status in all occupations, including among educators, was essential. This issue has led to the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the social status of physical education teachers in Iran through structural interpretation modeling. The present study was descriptive-correlational research that as Field was done. The statistical society of the present study consisted of university professors, physical education teachers and educators in the field of research. According to the bullet selection, 34 people were identified as the sample of the study. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of this study showed that 15 factors affecting the improvement of social status of teachers were identified. These factors were classified into six levels.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 in athletes. The statistical sample consisted of team and individual athletes from Qazvin province, Iran, 280 of whom (145 males and 135 females) were selected by availability sampling. Participants completed the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 (Scanlon et al., 2016). The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, intra-class correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that the fit of goodness index and adaptive fit index were higher than (0.90). Also, the results showed that the temporal reliability was (0.81) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for sport commitment and its dimensions was above 0.7 (the value of acceptable index). In general, the results showed that the Persian version of the Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 had acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian athletes. Therefore, this questionnaire can be used for educational and research purposes.

Aim of this research was investigating of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the working memory in athletes and nonathletes. To this end, 48 persons (18-30 years) purposefully was selected and was equally assigned into two athletes and nonathletes groups. Then, each group was randomly divided to tow actual and artificial stimulation sub-groups. The actual and sham stimulation presented with 2 mA electric current intensity for 20 minutes within three sessions. N-back computer task was used to measure working memory. The results showed the athlete's group rather than nonathlete and the actual stimulation group compared to the Sham group had better performance. The athlete group progressed in the actual stimulation in the post-test. Direct electrical stimulation of the brain so that anodal stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and catodal stimulation on right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improve of working memory in athlete.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of role critical thinking and emotional intelligence on the academic achievement of athletic students. The method of this research in terms of purpose, was applied and in terms of data collection, was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was all students who participated in the thirty sixth sport competitions of students in the city of Qom. Data was gathered by field and using a questionnaire. The results of this study showed that critical thinking has a significant effect on academic achievement of athlete students. Also, the results of this study showed that emotional intelligence has significant effect on academic achievement of athlete students.Therefore, it is suggested that by enriching the sports environments and improving the skills to athlete’s students, it also strengthening emotional intelligence and critical thinking, helped improve their academic achievement.

Bandura emphasized that the behavior of individuals is subject to the conditions of the environment, individual position and characteristics. The purpose of this study was to provide a model of the role of personal, environmental and perceived safety factors on the citizens' walking intention. The present research is a survey research. The statistical population of all citizens in the 8th district of Tehran. 384 people were selected by available sampling method and participated as a sample in this study. To study the data of the study, use structural equation method. The results of study showed that individual, environmental and safety factors affect the intention of walking citizens. The results of the research also showed that the research model has a good fit. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that immunization of urban spaces and enhancing the security of sport areas are closely related to the improvement of sport-related behaviors including walking.

Fatigue is one of the factors affecting the performance of athletes. By understanding the consequences and impact of fatigue on the performance of individuals, certain considerations can be taken into account to prevent it during exercises. Therefore, knowing what an athlete goes through while experiencing central and peripheral fatigue can be the key to success for coaches. Thus, the present study aims to determine the effect of central and peripheral fatigue on throwing accuracy and velocity of handball players. To this purpose, 16 female players of University of Tehran Handball team (with the average age of 23±4) were selected to participate in the study. Giving their informed consent and filling the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory questionnaire, participants took throwing accuracy and velocity pre-test for 11 times consecutively. Thereafter, they were assigned into two groups randomly: central fatigue group and peripheral fatigue group. Two-hour high-intensity physical exercise was used for the peripheral fatigue group and Stroop task was used for central fatigue group to induce mental fatigue. After the given intervention, post-test was conducted similar to the pre-test. Results of 2×2 compound variance of velocity variable indicated that main effect of test (P = 0.021) and interaction effect between group and test (P = 0.01) were significant. However, main effect of group (P = 0.19) was non-significant. Independent t-test results revealed that there is a significant difference between throwing velocity of the two groups (P = 0.024) in post-test, and peripheral fatigue group showed lesser velocity rate compared to central fatigue group. Nonetheless, regarding accuracy variable, no significance was found in the main effect of group (P = 0. 24) and interaction effect between test and group (P = 0.42). Therefore, according to dynamic systems theory, peripheral fatigue has a negative impact on external features of movement, and it is as a result of reduced capacity of effectors; however, central fatigue fails to affect kinetic parameter (velocity).

The present study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing improvement of socially desirable behavior of women with emphasis on public sport. The statistical population of the study was consisted of all the employees of the FFS, the experts in the field of human sport in the Ministry of Sport and Youth, as well as the staff of the FTT and FTF. Due to low volume of the statistical population, the entire statistical population was considered as the research sample based on the integer sampling method. Finally, a total of 123 questionnaires were analyzed after distribution of the research questionnaires. The results showed that improvement of socially desirable behavior of women was significantly influenced by the motivation, emotional, social, personal, scientific, and cultural factors. Knowledge-related factors had the highest effect.