Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:12 Issue: 1, Spring 2020

It has been explored that Vitamin D play role in various non-skeletal disorders including Diabetes Mellitus. The present study was designed with the aim to assess association among control, pre-diabetic and diabetic with vitamin D and association between lipid profile and vitamin D.

A total of 109 subjects were recruited for the cross-sectional study including 37 as control, 41 pre-diabetic and 31 diabetic. A clinical examination was done for all the groups including fasting samples (12hrs) for lipid parameters, serum 25 (OH) vitamin D level and (HbA1/C).

It was found that in control subjects 37.9% have the sufficient vitamin D3 level whereas 17.1% subjects in pre-diabetic, 16.6% in diabetic with good glycemic control and no subject was found to have sufficient vitamin D3 level in diabetic with poor glycemic control. The mean vitamin D3 levels was highest in control i.e. -26.53±11.99 ng/ml followed by 20.23±4.12ng/ml in pre-diabetics,19.07±8.01ng/ml in diabetics with good glycemic control and 12.92±6.77ng/ml in diabetics with poor glycemic control. HBA1/c and serum vitamin D3level share a significant association (P-value< 0.01).Total cholesterol (P-value< 0.0), serum triglyceride (P-value< 0.01), serum LDL cholesterol (P-value< 0.01) and serum VLDL (P-value< 0.01) had inverse association with vitamin D levels. HDL cholesterol has no effect with vitamin D.

The present study showed vitamin D3 deficiency as a risk factor for worsening glycemic control and dyslipidemia.

L-carnitine is associated with an increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and reduction in oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and L-carnitine cconsumption on hippocampal oxidative stress and neurogenesis factors in diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male wistar rats were divided into six groups including sham (5 rats), healthy control (8 rats), diabetic control (8 rats), diabetic receiving L-carnitine (8 rats), diabetic receiving aerobic exercise (8 rats), diabetic receiving L-carnitine and aerobic exercise (8 rats). Rats with serum glucose level higher than 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. L-carnitine supplemented dose was 100 mg per day. The aerobic exercise protocol including five sessions per week started at a speed of 10 for 20 min at a zero-degree grade in the first week and gradually reached a speed of 20 for 40 min at a grade of 5 in the sixth week. The Hippocampal tissues of the dependent variables (BDNF, MDA and GPX) were measured by ELISA 24 hours after the last session of the exercise program. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at P-value< 0.05 were used to analyze the data.

The results of the study revealed that aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption have a significant effect on BDNF (P-value= 001), MDA (P-value= 001) and GPX (P-value= 001) of the diabetic rats.

According to the results, it is suggested that diabetic patients use aerobic exercise and supplementation with carnitine with caution and physician advice.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks resistance training on G6Pase expression in liver cells, as well as glucose and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 16 wistar rats were selected as the research sample. After injection of nicotinamide and streptozocin to induce diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training and control. The resistance group participated in a course of resistance training for up to 12 week in five sessions per week, with intensity of 75% and a time of 30 to 45 minutes. Finally, 48 hours after the last exercise session, G6Pase expression in liver cells, as well as glucose and insulin levels were measured in both groups.

Comparison of resistance and control training groups showed a decrease in glucose levels (P-value= 0.001) and increased insulin levels (P-value= 0.001). Exercise also reduced the expression of G6Pase in liver cells in the resistance training group (P-value= 0.001).

Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that diabetics use resistance training under the supervision of a specialist to reduce the negative effects of diabetes.

The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants in food supplements and proper exercise can have a positive effect on decreasing oxidative stress by free radical hunting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and L-carnitine supplementation on some of the oxidative stress factors in the liver of diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male wistar rats (200-300 gr) were randomly divided into six groups: 1) sham group, 2) healthy control group 3) diabetic control group, 4) diabetic group receiving L-carnitine, 5) diabetic group of aerobic training, 6) diabetic group of aerobic training and receiving L-carnitine. The aerobic exercise protocol included six weeks, five sessions per week on the treadmill. After intervention, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were determined in liver tissue.

Six weeks of aerobic exercise had a significant effect on MDA factor in hepatic tissue in diabetic rats (P-value: 0.024). However, supplementation (P-value: 0.868) and combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of L-carnitine (P-value: 0.465) did not have the significant effect on MDA factor. Also, 6 weeks of aerobic training, supplementation of L-carnitine, and combined intervention had no significant effect on SOD and GPX factors of hepatic tissue in diabetic rats (P-value> 0.05).

L-carnitine supplementation with regular exercise can have beneficial effects on hepatic antioxidant defense system in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Physical exercise has different effects on oxidative stress. Oxidative stress influences TLR4 and NFkB gene expression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and vitamin D on gene expression of TLR4 and NFkB in lung tissue of obese rats exposed to oxygenated water.

In an experimental study, 30 obese male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, oxygenated water, oxygenated water + vitamin D, oxygenated water + aerobic training, and oxygenated water + aerobic training + vitamin D. All the rats were injected intraperitoneally with oxygenated water. Vitamin D was performed by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 μg daily for eight weeks. The aerobic training protocol included 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week running on treadmill. TLR4 and NFkB gene expression of lung tissue were investigated using real time & PCR. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analysis the data. The significant level was set at P-value< 0.05.

Aerobic training significantly reduced TLR4 expression compared with other groups (P-value: 0.046) but did not significantly affect the expression of NFkB gene (P-value: 0.261). Vitamin D alone and aerobic training and vitamin D interaction did not significantly alter the gene expression of TLR4 (P-value: 0.072 and P-value: 0.695, respectively) and NFkB (P-value: 0.243 and P-value:< 0.195, respectively).

It seems that performing aerobic training is likely to be beneficial in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation compared to inactivity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of detraining after 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the expression of AKT1 and mTORc1 genes in the left ventricle of wistar diabetic rats.

Twenty-eight wistar male rats were selected as the study sample and were divided in four groups of healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic HIIT and diabetic HIIT + detraining. The HIIT period was 12 weeks and the detraining period was 6 weeks. Each session consisted of 30 minutes, which included running on a treadmill with one-minute repetitions and a two-minute active recovery between them. To measure AKT1 mRNA and mTORc1 mRNA by RT-Real time PCR, a single-step single step SYBR TAKARA kits from Takara Company was used according to the company's instruction.

HIIT caused a significant increase in AKT1 gene expression (P-value= 0.001). AKT1 decreased with detraining that was not significant (P-value= 0.34) but it was still significantly higher than before training (P-value= 0.017). HIIT caused a significant increase in mTORc1 gene expression (P-value= 0.001) and although it decreased with detraining (P-value= 0.15) and it was no significantly higher than before training (P-value= 0.19).

HIIT led to increased expression of AKT1 and mTORc1 genes in type 2 diabetic rats, while also producing favorable changes in the cardiac structure of these rats. Also, 6 weeks of detraining did somewhat reduce these favorable changes.

Insulin resistance (IR) is the major cause in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Expression of some miRNAs can be changed in response to a drug treatment for IR, and used as the biomarker in IR. This study set out to determine the effect of cinnamon extract (cinnamaldehyde) on some miRNAs expression in IR adipocytes.

In this In-vitro study the 3T3L1 cells were expanded in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), differentiated into adipocytes phenotype and insulin resistant with high glucose medium, then the cells were treated with cinnamaldehyde. To determine of the miRNAs profiling in 3T3L1 adipocytes, insulin-resistant adipocytes and treated insulin-resistant adipocytes quantitative real-time PCR method was performed.

IR adipocytes exhibited a significantly increase in miRs 29a, 223 and 320 expression, and decrease in miR26-b expression in compare to the normal adipocytes
(P-value<0.001 and P-value= 0.024 respectively). However in response to cinnamaldehyde in IR adipocytes, expression of miRs 29a, 223 and 320 were down-regulated while expression of miR26-b was up-regulated neared it to the normal level (P-value= 0.003 and P-value= 0.002 respectively).

IR changes expression of intended miRs, so that cinnamaldehyde treatment helps to improve and normalize the changes. Cinnamon as the herbal product can be helpful for IR particular in adipose tissue.

Alteration in the basement membrane proteins maybe associated with diabetic neuropathy. Fibronectin is one of the most important components of peripheral nerves basement membrane. In this study we investigated the effects of insulin administration on prevention of alteration in fibronectin contents of sciatic nerve in diabetic rats.

Twenty-four wistar rats were divided into control, diabetic and diabetic with insulin treatment groups. Three months after diabetes induction, we measured blood glucose level, body weight and then expression of fibronectin in sciatic nerves of rats were evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical study.

Intensity of fibronectin immunoreactivity in the perineurium and endoneurium of sciatic nerves significantly increased in diabetic without treatment group compared to control group (P-value< 0.001). 

This finding suggested that diabetic neuropathy resulted in increased of fibronectin contents in sciatic nerves of rats.