فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 46، تابستان 1399)

Research is a systematic study that is conducted to meet the scientific and technological needs of the country and generate wealth. But the emergence of the phenomenon of scientific fraud by Iranian researchers in recent years has called this principle into question. The aim of this study was to identify the outcomes of the scientific fraud of Iranian researchers in scientific-international databases with a qualitative approach and content analysis method. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 22 top researchers, experts and policy makers in the country in 2018-2019 using targeted sampling and snowball type. The findings showed that "reducing social support for science", "degrading Iran's scientific-international status", "diminishing the importance of education", negative outcomes and "changing the attitude of policymakers to research violations", "reviewing the student admission system", "Improving the regulations for the promotion of faculty members", "Teaching examples of research violations and its legal status" are among the expected outcomes of exposing this phenomenon. Therefore it is possible, by examining the underlying and environmental causes and conditions of the occurrence of scientific fraud and identifying the basic strategies to deal with it, it prevented the occurrence of the phenomenon of scientific fraud, which leads to the mentioned negative outcomes.

In the past, businesses controlled their supply chain and took ownership of it, competing with each other in a market environment. In the future of businesses, a core company, as a core part of a business ecosystem, manages a range of companies, the business ecosystem can provide a beneficial balance between competitive needs and collaboration.  First, the base model is extracted by systematically reviewing related articles (23 articles) and using the base model, which is based on the life cycle model and static and dynamic characteristics of business ecosystem; three prominent companies were studied and by analyzing the inductive content, a new theoretical model was presented. This model can be a guide to evaluate the formation and developmental stages of digital ecosystems.  The results of this study showed that the requirements for establishing a business ecosystem include: forming complementary roles in the business platform, adapting to environmental requirements, having a central platform, utilizing existing resources, and complementary potential, network governance, development of inspirational vision, formation of different layers (core value, complementary value and enabler value) of the business process and emerging market.

Knowledge-based activities carry a high risk. Moreover, financing the companies which do the likewise activities for supporting and encouraging innovative plans and advanced technology is of high importance. Therefore, nowadays, financing methods by risk taking funds is considered the most prominent and effective financing method in knowledge-based companies all over the world. The purpose behind doing this research is to investigate the influence of venture capital funding on profits of knowledge-based companies located in the Science and Technology (Elm-o-fannavari) park in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. The data for this research has been collected with the help of questionnaires from knowledge-based companies and the data analyses have been done with the panel data method and STATA software. Based on the final results, the two variables of venture capital fund facility and the size of the company have a meaningful and positive effect on profit of company. While influence of loans from business banks, company's age (company's life’s year) and human asset, on the company profitability is not meaningful. R&D costs have a negative effect on profitability, but given that this variable is not immediately effective and its effect appears with time lags, also given the short period of this study, this result is not far from waiting.

A citizen science refers to a citizen, whose scientific information has given him or her special rights and responsibilities against the government, including the right to scientific participation; therefore we are dealing with active citizens who are fully involved in scientific decision-making and policy-making. So, this study sought to answer the key question: whether scientific citizenship has been formed among Tehran citizens? To answer the question, two important dimensions of scientific citizenship have been targeted which are: first public understanding and second public Engagement of citizens in different fields of Science and technology.  In this study, data was collected by questionnaire. Research population contains citizens of Tehran, that 204 have been selected for this study. the results of the public Engagement dimensions indicate that scientific citizenship has been shaped in terms of quality or in other words the interconnectedness of dimensions such as membership, rights and participation among respondents who expressed in the scientific associations are members; but in terms of quantity, it can be argued that the study population has not yet developed scientific citizenship. The analytical results of this study are: public understanding plays a significant role in the public Engagement of citizens. Therefore, the element of awareness or recognition in the promotion of scientific citizenship, which has not yet been formed, can be effective.

Institutions of science and technology system, as drivers of science, knowledge, industry and the market, always play a key role in Innovation Systems. Generally, three kinds of such institutions can be recognized: (i) Institution of science including universities and other higher-education institutions; (ii) Institution of technology such as science and technology parks, R&D units, research centers and knowledge-based enterprises; (iii) Institution of market in its wide meaning including industries, services and agriculture sectors. Considering each of these three institutions independently, we have analyzed their strategies based on the preferences of cooperating or non-cooperating through dynamic games with complete information. In order to solve this game, we have used the method of Subgame Perfect Equilibrium (SPE). As a result, we have shown modes of action, leading strategies, outcome of each strategy, Nash equilibria as well as sub-game equilibrium. Whole game is also shown in its extended and matrix form. Among several Nash equilibria, only one equilibrium was credible according SPE which is triple partnership between all institutions.

Throughout history, women have been one of the marginalized groups, and this phenomenon can be seen in the field of science and professions related to digital technologies. The tendency to study gender, science and technology has emerged in response to the need for the presence of women as half of society in the field of science and technology. Digital technologies will be one of the influential factors in shaping societies in the future, so the active participation of women in the production process of these technologies can keep them from ignoring feminine values. In the present study, the role of women in the development of these technologies has been scrutinized. This paper is a strategic study and the method used for it is library research method. By taking notes from various sources, relying on the approach of difference feminist philosophers and choosing a value-sensitive design model in the production of digital technologies we have tried to point out the problems caused by the absence of women in this process and then, suggest ways for gender balance in this process. This study shows that if policy makers, designers and users of digital technologies follow these policies and solutions, women can find an influential position in the development of digital technologies, and as a result, the technologies that are produced will be less biased against women and fairer.