مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 30، امرداد و شهریور 1399)

Since disability and its associated problems are permanent, it can have a profound effect on the mental health and resilience of parents.

The aime of the present study was to compare the resilience and mental health in parents of people with and without mobility impairment.

The statistical population of this causal-comparative research included all parents of people with and without mobility impairment in Shiraz city, whose children have 10-18years. The sample were 120 parents of children with mobility impairment was recruited by purposeful sampling and 120 parents of children without mobility impairment were selected through a multistage random sampling method from Shiraz city schools. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RTS9) and mental health scale (GHQ28) was utilized for Collecting data. Data were analyzed by using Two-way ANOVA and MANOVA.

Analysis of the findings showed resilience and mental health (physical symptoms, depressive symptoms, social functioning and anxiety) of parents of people with mobility impairment were significantly lower than parents of people without mobility impairment (p<0.001).

According to this finding it is suggested to design and implement appropriate intervention programs in order to improve mental health and resilienc in parents of children with mobility impairment.

The presence of physical and psychological complications in psychosomatic disorders leads to defective cognition and distorted beliefs about the disease, which can interfere with effective coping with the disease and its acceptance as part of life.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness on the resilience and cognitive distortion of patients with physical symptoms.

in the present quasi-experimental study, among the people with somatic symptoms referred by a specialist to the psychological clinics of Isfahan in 2019, 30 patients with psychosomatic disorder who were referred to the Kelid Talaei Zehn clinic were selected by convenient sampling based on diagnosis of psychiatrist and physician and according to the inclusion criteria and were placed in control and experimental groups by random sampling. Participants were assessed three times (pretest, posttest, one-month follow-up) by the Questionnaires of Resiliency and Cognitive Distortion. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measure test.

The results showed that mindfulness was effective on increasing resiliency (p<0.01) and reducing cognitive distortion (p<0.01) and its components in patients with somatic symptoms. Mindfulness reduces cognitive distortions through cognitive flexibility and cognitive defusion

Mindfulness leads to cognitive changes and reduces cognitive dissonances and increases resiliency by change coping strategies from avoiding to acceptance of emotions and thoughts, creates self-awareness and avoid automatic thinking pattern and can be used as training in rehabilitation and improving the quality of life in patients with psychosomatic disorders.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory disease of rheumatism.

The aim of the present study was to compare positive psychotherapy with acceptance and commitment to the empowerment of women with rheumatoid arthritis.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all women with rheumatoid arthritis in Khorramabad city in 2019. Using the available sampling method, 60 people were selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups 1 (positive treatment) experimental group 2 (acceptance and commitment) and the witness group (20 people in each group) were replaced. Under the same conditions, the pre-test was conducted with a VIA IS questionnaire from all three groups. The experimental groups underwent positive treatment and acceptance and commitment (8 sessions, 90-minutes), but the control group did not receive any treatment. The test was then performed on all three groups. The findings were analyzed with SPSS 24 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results showed that positive treatment and commitment acceptance increased patients' character abilities (P<0.05), Bonfroni's follow-up test showed that positive treatment had a greater effect on character abilities.

Based on the obtained results, it can be said that positive psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment increase the ability of the character in women with rheumatoid arthritis and positive treatment is more effective. Therefore, these treatments can be used along with medical treatment to improve the ability of these patients.

Several behavioral and neuropsychological studies have shown that many cognitive processes are influenced by spatial, motor, and physical characteristics. For example, the relations between emotional valence of stimuli (positive vs. negative) and spatial dimensions (up vs. down) have been approved by many experiments (e.g. happiness is up).

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the movement of the head to the left or right of the space could affect retrieval of Persian words with positive and negative valence?

The research method was experimental. For this purpose, 38 participants from the population of Psychology Students of the University of Isfahan were selected by the public call and convenience sampling for participation in the research. DMDX software was used to evaluate the effect of movement on emotional memory. The results were then analyzed by repeated measure design using SPSS 24 software.

The results of the study indicated that the number of retrieved words with valence was more than neutral ones. In addition, the interaction of valence and head movement was significant (p<0.05).

In addition to reviewing embodied accounts we finally conclude that abstract concepts such as positive and negative emotions might be under the influence of movement to the left or right of the space.

Cognitive effort can affect the execution of a wide range of tasks and is primarily involved in the regulation of cognitive control when performing the task and achieving the chosen goal.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of easy and difficult goals on self-efficacy and memory performance in young and elderly people with an investigation of the cognitive effort hypothesis.

The present study is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study was the young and elderly people in the sixth district of Tehran city and its statistical sample includes 80 young and elderly subjects who were selected in 2018 and were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups. To measure self-efficacy, a questionnaire of memory self-efficacy beliefs was used, and a stroop task was used to assess cognitive tasks. Data were analyzed using analysis of mixed covariance tests with repetitive measurements, two-way analysis covariance, and Bonferroni PostHoc test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.

Results in high cognitive loads showed that young adults group with difficult goals have significantly better performance rather than other experimental groups (P<0.001). The results of tasks with low and high cognitive loads showed that younger adults group has better performance rather than older adults (P<0.05). The average self-efficacy beliefs in youth group with the easy goals were better than other groups (P <0.05).

According to the findings of this study, the use of goals for promoting performance and memory self-efficacy beliefs in training is recommended.

Ruminantion is one of the most important components of depression which has been considered as an important factor in creation and maintanance of depressed mood over two decades.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the expressive writing pattern in decrease of rumination and depression, and stress in divorced women of Shahin Shahr.

This research was a semi experimental design with a pretest-posttest design. The population was all divorced women of the welfare organization who had been referred to counseling centers of Shahin Shahr in 2017. Simples sampling were selected and randomly assigned in to two experimental (15) and control (15) groups. The experiment group was trained in 4 sessions under the group's training of writing pattern. The subjects of both groups were evaluated in two stages, pre-test and post-test by the Dass and ruminal questionnaire –reflection. the Data were analyzed by paird t-test, independent t-test and covariance analysis.

The results of this study showed that writing expression pattern significantly decreased the depression, stress, and rumination in divorced women (P<0.001).

The expression writing pattern intervention is an effective method for decreasing depression and stress and rumination of divorced women. Therefore it can be used as a method in order to treat and reduce the psychological consequences of divorce.

Child abuse and  harsh childhood experiences have long-lasting and unpleasant consequences on personality development and adaptation in adulthood.

The aim of the present  research was to determine the role of cognitive fusion, distress tolerance  and self-compassion on predicting post traumatic growth of abused indvduals in their childhood.

The method of the present research was descripptive correlation study. The population included whole abused subjects over 15 years old who referred to psychiatric and counseling centers of Shiraz in the first half of the 2017. One hundred and ninety subjects were selected by available sampling  method . In order to gather the data,  Child trauma questionnaire (1998), cognitive fusion scale (2014), distress tolerance questionnaire (2005), self-compassion questionnaire (2003) and post-traumatic growth scale (1996) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis via SPSS-22 software.

The results showed that there was significantly negative relationship between cognitve fusion and post traumatic growht (P<0.01), and positive relationship between distress tolerance and self-compassion with post traumatic growht (P<0.01). Although, the results indicated that cognitive fusion could not predict post traumatic growht but another two variables could explain  41%  variance of post traumatic growht.

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that psychological factors play significant roles in post traumatic growth . In treatment interventions, attention to these factors can be helpful in adapting to child abuse individuals.

Personal identity is among the topics that concerns not just psychology but other sciences as well; different definitions and descriptions have been offered; the effective and affected factors have been analyzed too. Personal identity is one’s definition of one’s self with the main emphasis being on one’s contradistinction from the other

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social identity dimensions and the individual differentiation.

The present study was a descriptive-correlational study; the study population consisted of all citizens ranging from 15 to 65 years old in 2016. Based on multistage cluster random sampling 1300 samples were chosen  from seven different county seats in Iran (cities being: Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Rasht, Tabriz, Sanandaj and Ahwaz.) Measuring tools were researcher-made questionnaires and Data were analyzed using statistical method of correlation coefficient

According to the findings of this study, there exists a meaningful and positive correlation between the ethical aspect of identity and individual differentiation (t=0.822 and Sig=0.532( There exists a meaningful and positive correlation between the religious aspect of identity and individual differentiation (t= 3.274 and Sig= 0.001(. Also, between traditionalism and the individual differentiation there exists a meaningful and negative correlation (t=-0.544 and Sig=0.587(.

Findings showed that the dimensions of social identity consisting of religious, and ethical aspects of identity have an important role in predicting the individual differentiation in the Iranian sample.

Hope is one of the most important points in people's lives, a key motivating factor in the growth and development of human capital in societies and is directly related to students' academic achievement and mental health.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of group education on grit and educational self-efficacy of students based on Snyder’s hope theory.

The experimental design was a pre-test-post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study included all primary school students studying in the public schools in district 3 of Kermanshah, Iran during the academic year of 2019-2020. 30 sixth-year elementary school male students were selected as a statistical sample using random cluster sampling and were placed in two experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects) groups. The subjects in the experimental group were trained for 8 sessions based on Snyder’s hope theory, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Morgan & Jinks' educational self-efficacy scale and Duckworth's grit scale were used to collect data. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed using covariance statistical method.

The findings showed that group education based on Snyder's hope theory had a significant effect on grit (F =0.43) and educational self-efficacy (F =0.56) of the experimental group (P<0.05).

Based on these findings, it can be said that group hope education is effective in increasing students' grit and educational self-efficacy, and after hope training, students' academic success can be expected.

Using an inefficient styles of social exchange and cognitive dissonance could lead to negative emotions.

The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive dissonance and social exchange styles, amongst two groups of women patients with major depressive disorder and normal individuals.

In this causal-comparative study, first, 60 women patients with Major Depressive disorder from 3 psychotherapy centers in Tehran were selected by available sampling method. Then, 60 women who attended in different areas of the city, were selected randomly, so that 120 women, were assessed. Questionnaires of cognitive dissonance and social exchange styles were applied in order to collect data. Data analysis was performed by Kolmogorov- Smirnov,  (KS-test) and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test , using SPSS-PC (v.20).

The results indicated that individuals with depression are more likely to be in cognitive arousal state (P<0.05). While normal individuals were more able to reduce their cognitive dissonance. Equally, in social exchange styles there was a meaningful difference in Mean (average) of individualism and tracking in the two groups. But there was not a meaningful difference between Mean (average) of the fairness, benefit-seeking, individualism, tracking and overinvestment variables.

According to the results of this study, in treatment of depressed women, pay attention to arousal and Cognitive dissonance-reducing is needed.

Migraine has the potential to influence the patients cognitively, emotionally and psychologically in addition to causing physical problems; therefore, applying appropriate psychological therapies can decrease these damages.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of emotional self-regulation on tolerating distress and mindfulness skills in the patients with migraine.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population in the current study was patients with migraine who referred to therapy centers in the city of Zanjan in the summer of 2019. 30 patients with migraine were selected through convenient sampling method and they were randomly put into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 patients). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of emotional self-regulation therapy. The questionnaires applied in the present study included distress tolerance and mindfulness skills. The data were analyzed through MANCOVA method.

The results indicated that emotional self-regulation therapy has significant effect on tolerating distress (F=62/08, P≤0/0001) and mindfulness skills (F=26/83, P≤0/0001) in the patients with migraine patients. The effect sizes of this therapy on tolerating distress and mindfulness skills were 65%and 52%respectively.

According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that the emotional self-regulation therapy can be used as an efficient method to improve tolerating distress and mindfulness skills in migraine patients through applying techniques such as recognizing emotions, managing them, and training abreaction

Internet addiction is a type of impulse control disorder that refers to excessive use of the internet and can affect other social activities.

Purpose of this study was to determine the structural relationships of executive functions, interpersonal problems with internet addiction through the mediation of gossip and excitement.

The descriptive-correlation research method was based on the modeling method of regression structural equations. In order to achieve this goal, out of all seventh grade female students in Tehran's 1, 7 and 8grades in the 2018-2019 academic year, 260 people were randomly selected as clusters and were referred to the Rescue Executive Function Questionnaire (2013(, Barkham, Hardy, & Startup (1988), intermediate problems, Toronto Gabby, Parker, and Taylor (1994), and Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Scale (1996). Structural equation statistical method was used to analyze the data. Also, all analyzes were performed using SPSS24 and Amos23 software.

The results showed that there was a significant significant direct and negative effect between interpersonal problems with internet addiction and a significant positive and positive effect between executive functions and internet addiction (P<0.001). Emotional inadequacy of internet addiction had a significant direct and positive effect on students (P<0.001) and also emotional inadequacy played a mediating role in the relationship between executive functions and interpersonal problems with internet addiction (P<0.001).

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the present research model had statistically acceptable fit indicators.