فهرست مطالب

Immunoregulation - Volume:3 Issue: 1, Summer 2020

Immunoregulation
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Summer 2020

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/05/19
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Tooba Ghazanfari Pages 1-2
  • Fereshteh Kamkar, Setareh Haghighat, Mehdi Mahdavi * Pages 3-16

    Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality. Therapeutic importance in some diseases, especially cancers has led to considering the anti-cancer effects of probiotics more than ever. Probiotics have stimulatory effects on the immunity and suppressor effects on cancer activity. Various studies report that probiotic bacteria have cytotoxicity effects on different types of solid tumors. In this research, we evaluated the synergic effect of secretory chemicals of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria on cytotoxic potency of breast and gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus were cultured in MRS broth. Cytotoxicity assay was performed on AGS, MCF-7 cell lines, and peripheral mononuclear cells after treatment with bacteria extractions by MTT test. β-actin, Bcl2, Bax, TNF-α, and IFN-γ gene expression levels were evaluated in treated cell lines by real-time PCR method. The result of cytotoxicity assay showed that the obtained extraction from the bacterial cultures has a higher killing effect on cancer cells compared with normal cells. Results of gene expression indicated a significant increase in Bax and Bcl2 gene expression in cancer cells. TNF-α gene expression increased significantly as compared with the control group. The obtained extraction from probiotics culture can induce death in cancer cells through the apoptosis mechanism and improve the cellular immune response, i.e., T helper 1 cytokine profile.

    Keywords: Cancer, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, MCF-7 cell line, AGS cell line
  • MohammadMehdi Adibzadeh Sereshgi *, Ali Mohammad Mohseni Majd, Sahar Salimi, Hassan Noorbazargan Pages 17-28

    The treatment of bladder cancer is usually performed by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation. BCG therapy is a common therapeutic method with fewer side effects compared with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. BCG can also inhibit the progression and recurrence of bladder cancer by inducing apoptosis pathways, arrest cell cycle, autophagy, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. However, BCG therapy cannot be effective in the situation that the metastasis occurs. NETs are induced by BCG and help suppress the growth of tumor cells, especially in the primary stages of bladder cancer. Activated neutrophils can stimulate cellular pathways, such as autophagy and NETs release in the presence of microbial pathogenesis, inflammatory agents, and tumor cells. Autophagy can also regulate NETs formation and induce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and NETs production. Moreover, miRNAs are key regulators of gene expression. These small non-coding RNAs are also considered as an essential factor in controlling tumor development. The interaction between BCG and miRNAs is still unclear. However, in the present study and for the first time, we intend to discuss the role of miRNAs in BCG therapy and how NETs formation can be effective on BCG performance to treat the bladder cancer.

    Keywords: Bladder cancer, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
  • Abdolrahman Rostamian, Tooba Ghazanfari *, Jalil Arabkheradmand, Maryam Edalatifard, Sara Ghaffarpour, Mohammad Reza Salehi, Seyed Reza Raeeskarami, Maedeh Mahmoodi Aliabadi, Maryam Rajabnia Chenary, Ensie Sadat Mirsharif, Davoud Jamali, MohammadReza Sattarian, Reza Najafizadeh, Sajjad Hosseinieselki Sari, Samira Jafarpour, Elham Nezhadseifi, Shafieh Movasseghi, Elahe Baharvand, Saba Beiranvand, Azin Roomi, MohammadMehdi Naghizadeh Pages 29-36
    Background

    Researchers have already reported a high level of interleukin (IL)-6 in patients affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we investigated the surge of IL-6 level and its association with the clinical and paraclinical markers in these patients.

    Materials and Methods

    The study sample comprised 205 confirmed hospitalized patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 70 healthy volunteer individuals. Routine laboratory examinations, including hematology, biochemistry, and hormone analysis, as well as IL-6 level measurement, were conducted. The patients grouped into 5 based on their IL-6 levels. Then, they were compared with regard to their need for mechanical ventilator and clinical laboratory routine tests.

    Results

    IL-6 levels were significantly higher in hospitalized patients compared with healthy individuals (P<0.001). The IL-6 level was approximately 10-fold of the normal range in 22.9% of the patients. Also, more than 56.1% of them signify IL-6 over 3-fold of the normal range. IL-6

    Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), Interleukin-6, Biochemical routine tests, Mechanical ventilation
  • Zahra Khosrovan, Setareh Haghighat, Mehdi Mahdavi * Pages 37-50
    Background
    Uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis are the main characteristics of cancer cells. Therefore, a substance with the capability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells could be known as an anti-cancer material. Probiotics are useful microorganisms that are crucial for the host’s health.
    Materials and Methods
    In the present study, we evaluated the synergic effect of probiotic bacteria on the cytotoxic potency of cancer cells and apoptosis genes expression. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum were cultured in MRS broth and then MTT test was performed on AGS, MCF-7, and peripheral mononuclear cells after treatment with the bacterial corpse. β-actin, Bcl2, Bax, TNF-α, and IFN-γ gene expression were evaluated in treated cell lines by real-time PCR method.
    Results
    The result of cytotoxicity assay showed that bacterial corpse has higher cytotoxicity effects on cancer cells compared with normal cells. Results of gene expression demonstrated that Bcl2 and Bax gene expression significantly increased in cancer cells and TNF-α gene expression remarkably increased in normal cells as compared with the control group.
    Conclusion
    Probiotic bacterial corpse can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In normal cells, the immune system shifts responses toward Th1 and inflammatory cytokines.‎
    Keywords: Probiotic, Colon cancer, Breast cancer, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum
  • Fereshteh Sadat Rasi Varaee, Mehran Gholamin, Maryam Vakili Moghadam, Mohsen Mohammadi, Kobra Mokhtarian, Reza Jafari, Reza Falak * Pages 51-60
    Background
    Food hypersensitivity to walnut usually results in mild symptoms; however, several cases of anaphylactic reactions to this product have been observed. This study aimed to determine the immunochemical characteristics of the Persian walnut and provide the recombinant form of its main allergen.
    Materials and Methods
    The allergenic proteins of the Persian walnut were extracted by standard procedure. The IgE-binding profile was determined by common immunoassays, including ELISA and Western blotting. The characteristics of the main allergenic protein which showed a stronger and higher frequency of IgE-reactivity with the patient’s sera was identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF method. The conventional PCR was used for the amplification of the coding sequence of the target protein which was then inserted into pET-21b(+) vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. The recombinant allergen was purified by metal affinity chromatography and the ELISA and immunoblotting assays were used for the evaluation of the IgE-binding capacity of the recombinant protein.
    Results
    All patients showed a considerable specific IgE-reactivity to total extract (OD 0.58±0.43 versus 0.047±0.026; P<0.05) in ELISA. Immunoblotting with crude extract indicated considerable IgE-reactivity of the patients’ sera with a 15-kDa allergen which was characterized as 2S albumin by mass spectrometry methods. The refolded walnut recombinant 2S albumin showed considerable IgE-reactivity in ELISA and western blotting with patients’ sera.
    Conclusion
    We demonstrated that the refolding of walnut recombinant 2S albumin could result in the reconstruction of an IgE-reactive allergen with a rather similar immunoreactivity to its natural counterpart. The refolded recombinant protein could be a suitable candidate for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
    Keywords: Walnut, Hypersensitivity, Recombinant allergen, 2S albumin
  • Delara Babaie, Shima Rasouli, Sepideh Darougar *, Zahra Daneshmandii, Mehrnaz Mesdaghi, Farah Ghadimi Pages 61-66
    Background
    Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders or diseases (EGIDs) may result from an abnormal immune-mediated response to food antigens. Activated eosinophils release various mediators with inflammatory properties which may result in tissue and subsequently organ damage. The cytokine milieu of these patients has revealed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17. This study aims to evaluate the potential role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of EGID.
    Materials and Methods
    This prospective study was conducted at the Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran from January 2016 to January 2017. In this study, Serum IL-17 was determined in all the patients referred to the Allergy Clinic with a pathologic diagnosis of EGID.
    Results
    The median (minimum and maximum) serum IL-17 level in patients with EGID, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), and healthy controls were 4.32 (0.00-6.383), 2.82 (0.00-3.231), and 3.6 (0.00-7.165) pg/mL, respectively. The results of the non-parametric analysis revealed no significant difference between the three groups regarding IL-17 (P=0.16). However, by classifying EGID in two separate groups with the involvement of upper (eosinophilic esophagitis and eosinophilic gastritis) and lower (eosinophilic enteritis, eosinophilic colitis) gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, a significant difference in serum IL-17 level became evident (P=0.004).
    Conclusion
    We found a significant relationship between IL-17 and upper GI involvement in EGID.
    Keywords: Eosinophilic, Gastrointestinal disorder, Serum IL-17, Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorder (EGID)
  • Elham Behrangi, Zahra Hallaji, Maryam Ghiasi, Robabeh Abedini, Alireza Ghanadan, Zohreh Khodashenas, Azadeh Goodarzi * Pages 67-72
    Background

    Pustular Psoriasis (PP) and Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) clinically resemble each other. There are many patients with generalized pustular presentations like hydroxychloroquine-induced pustular reaction who do not completely fall within PP or AGEP categories and needed to be more evaluated. So we examined a large series of these reactions to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and reviewed the literature in this regard.

    Materials and Methods

    Records of 20 patients admitted to Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran with acute onset of generalized pustular eruption following hydroxychloroquine therapy were retrieved, and their demographic and clinical features were reviewed. In the meantime, all related articles in PubMed and Google scholar databases were studied as well.

    Results

    All 20 patients were female with an Mean±SD age of 48.35±13.76 years. The Mean±SD between the first dose and skin eruption was 3.62±1.42 weeks. HCQ was prescribed for them, mainly for rheumatologic conditions and joint problems other than psoriasis. Treatment was planned according to the first clinical judgment, pathological findings, and clinical behavior of the disease. Eleven patients were treated as PP and 9 as AGEP.

    Conclusion

    No evident history of psoriasis, drug-related eruption, as well as rapid and complete response to steroids in some patients, favor AGEP diagnosis. However, the long interval of symptoms appearance, prolonged disease course, relapses despite discontinuation of the responsible drug, and no appropriate response to the steroid, favor PP. So, it could be a new entity.

    Keywords: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), Pustular eruption, Pustular Psoriasis (PP), Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP)