نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 34، زمستان 1398)

 Today, the issue of the environment is one of the most important concerns in human society, which is raised at various local, national, regional and international levels. However, in addition to the levels of discussion, the issue of the environment in various political, economic, social, scientific, technological and legal dimensions, etc., each brings its own issues, limitations, challenges and opportunities. Certainly, the issue of governance is one of the key issues, which at the national level depends on major decisions of the governments. Governments that generally do not see the issue of the environment very much in the context of comprehensive security and are not willing to provide a strong program and a good budget for it. At the national level, strict adherence to environmental standards is often seen as an obstacle to economic development and industrial growth, while the implementation of environmental projects is costly and governments are reluctant to spend and love. Spend on issues that appeal to voters and raise their levels of satisfaction. Therefore, the issue of improving environmental conditions is highly dependent on the level of conventional social consciousness, which today, fortunately, given the growth of social networks, this is in a good and favorable position. Citizens at the local level are particularly aware of the effects of environmental degradation, as they are directly exposed to it. The idea of ​​this article is that environmental protection is a global issue, and global and national governance have a very close relationship in this regard. Here, in the Green Theory Paradigm, as a critical theory, an attempt is made to discuss and explore environmental issues at both national levels with an emphasis on the case study of Iran and the international level. The findings of the paper show that Iranian governance is far from achieving the desired standards, and at the international level, despite good efforts, there is still a way to achieve effective agreements and the realization of a proper legal regime for managing environmental challenges. There are many challenges and obstacles, the most important of which is the Westphalian system based on sovereignty and conflicting national interests.

This article seeks to answer the question, what will be the future of China-US relations? The answer to this question is important from the point of view that the future strategic competition in the world will be between these two powers, and the future interactions of the world will strongly affect the quality of the relations between the two powers. The descriptive-analytical hypothesis of the paper is that the future of China-US relations could be manifested in three forms of military conflict (The Thucydides Trap), the new Cold War (Churchill's trap), and the concert system (competitive interdependence). Taking into account the role of "political agents" and the role of the "structure of the international system" in determining the behavior of governments, the The Thucydides Trap as a "possible scenario", the Churchill trap as a "probable scenario", and the joint concert or management system as The "preferred scenario" is considered. The findings show that while the will of political agents leads them to cooperate, structural requirements also limit their freedom of action to cooperate. Under these circumstances, it seems that the leaders of China and the United States will probably escape from the The Thucydides Trap due to their very dangerous consequences, but the structural requirements will prevent them from moving towards the concert system and therefore they will be trapped in Churchill's trap.

For more than a century, the political economy of the Middle East has revolved around the logic and axis of international and regional developments in energy and other components. Relying heavily on raw energy resources, while imposing comprehensive restrictions on its holders, has paved the way for political, economic, cultural and diplomatic dynamics based on energy. Meanwhile, one of the dynamics factors is the role of energy in the region's foreign policy, energy diplomacy, which may be one of the most important and at the same time the most complex diplomatic areas in the relations of regional actors, especially the two energy giants, Iran and Saudi Arabia. He considered other important actors such as the countries on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. From this perspective, the present article seeks to investigate the question of "What has been the pattern of foreign policy behavior following the developments in the energy diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the context of regional political economy from 2003 to 2019?" The results and findings of the study show that key patterns of Iran's relations with the Middle East have followed two key components of minor interaction and intense and maximum confrontation in the field of energy diplomacy and in the context of regional political economy from 2003 to 2019. In this paper, the case-analytical and statistical research method is used based on the sources of the first category of energy and diplomacy.

Strait of Hormuz is one of the most important security and energy transit systems in the world. However, the Strait of Hormuz has a very fragile security system. Differences and benefits between regional governments and the constant presence of US forces complicate nature and the structure of its security system. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the most important variables that shape the Gulf security system by focusing on the geopolitical features of the region. The length of Hurmoz is 158 km and its width from Bandar Abbas to Ross Shurat in Oman is between 56 and 180 km. The depth of the Strait of Hormuz is greater than the Persian Gulf, and varies from north to south due to its steep slope, so that the proximity of the Lark Island is about 36 meters and reaches more than 100 meters on the southern coast and near the Mosandam Peninsula. The maximum depth of water in the Gulf is 90 meters. Its arch is facing the north and facing the Iranian plateau, resulting in its largest coastline along the Iranian coast. This article, by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to identify strategies for controlling and preventing the vulnerability caused by these regional and trans-regional challenges. Iran, having a valuable position in the geopolitics of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, can play its role in regional and global security .

The Islamic world, especially the Middle East, is one of the hot spots of conflicts in the world. There are various reasons for conflict in the region. One of the most important reasons of these conflicts derives from the multiplicity of Muslim approaches to Islam and theoretical contexts. We have to take it into our consideration that the epistemological origins of violence in the Muslim world largely trace back to the different interpretations of Muslim scholars from original Islam. These interpretations have shaped several scholarly and epistemic domains through the past millenniums. There are six approaches or areas of study and knowledge in the Islamic world, some of which can lead to violence or have violent interpretations, and others are peaceful and tolerant. The purpose of this article is to analyze multiple scholarly and epistemic approaches to Islam, and to point out the areas of violence or peace in each of them.

As a cultural diplomat overseas, cultural counselors and Attaches have the primary task of introducing, developing and promoting the country's culture in the host country, with the mission of promoting and promoting cultural diplomacy as one of the tools of public diplomacy and soft power. Thus, as the most important human capital of the cultural diplomacy apparatus, these individuals can perform this role effectively when they are competent. The purpose of this paper is to present a model of competency of cultural counselors of the Islamic Republic of Iran abroad. The approach of the present study is qualitative and is based on a systematic review. The statistical population of the study consisted of 858 retrieved works including articles and theses from 8 valid internal and external scientific databases through keyword search and screening process. Finally, 16 works were selected for further analysis. The findings showed that the model of Iranian competencies and cultural Attaches can be divided into three main dimensions: technical competencies, human competence and perceptual competence, and seven categories: knowledge and awareness, technical and professional ability, individual and personality characteristics. intercultural communication competency and ethical and value traits; managerialand leadership skills, and political competence.

The European Court of Human Rights is at the forefront of the development of human rights in the Council of Europe, and its impact on the development of human rights can be clearly seen outside Europe. The main mission of this court is; the protection, realization and development of human rights and fundamental freedoms are in line with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, in this Convention and its Additional Protocols; there is no specific right to protection of workers' rights, but the European Court of Human Rights has played an important role in the interpretation of its views by referring to the main sources of international law for the gradual development of these rights. The International Labor Organization's Basic Conventions, which emphasize the Declaration of the Principles of Fundamental Rights, adopted in 1998," are among the most important sources cited in court in recent years. Therefore; at the beginning of the research; "To what extent have the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights been influential in the development of fundamental labor rights?". Concluding, the hypothesis was confirmed that "the court, with its static interpretation approach and by referring its views to the main sources of international law, plays an effective role in the development of labor law, albeit gradually." This research is descriptive-analytical and follows the developmental goal and decision-making approach.

The US invasion against Saddam's regime in 2003, though yielded significant military victory with low casualties, but to consolidate and increase its influence and benefit from this swift military victory, so it needed to put other dimensions of power on the agenda. Therefore, it has applied more soft power in Iraq, especially since the Obama administration. In this study, to examine the US influence of soft power on Iraqis, this question is raised: what are the indicators of American soft power in Iraq and which dimension of soft power has made Iraqis most attractive? By using the theoretical model of soft power and a descriptive-analytical approach, it is concluded that Washington has used the political, cultural, economic, and scientific indicators of soft power simultaneously and the cultural dimension of American soft power has been more appealing to the Iraqi people. The application of soft power has made the Iraqi people's attitude toward the US partly moderated, especially since 2014; but the United States remains, alongside the Zionist regime, the most undesirable states in the public opinion of the Iraqi people, especially Iraqi Sunni Arabs.

Following the defeat of European powers in world wars, Europe lost its pivotal role in the international system, and with the division of the continent, European countries came under the control and influence of the two great poles of power, the United States and the former Soviet Union. Or their development took place within this framework. Weakened Europe, in order to play a more effective role in the international system, took the path of cooperation and convergence in the form of regional organizations, of which the European Union is a clear example today. Among the members of the union, Germany has a prominent position as an economic and industrial power. Iran is facing deep challenges with the United States, has always looked to the EU in the international arena and in its trade and economic relations to use the science and technology of its member states for political and economic development purposes. This article seeks to answer the question of how close relations with Germany, as a powerful member of the European Union, can strengthen Iran's relations with the EU and secure its economic interests and industrial development. To answer this question, the hypothesized examined that if political challenges are overcome, du to Germany's economic and industrial power and its position in the European Union, Iran's close ties with that country could pave the way for strengthening ties with it. The European Union and the use of these relations in the direction of economic and industrial development of the country.

 The Tunisian revolution in late 2010 was one of the most important shifts in the Middle East in the 21st century. In addition to influencing Tunisia domestic politics, it has also affected the Middle East. However, the hallmark of the Tunisian revolution and subsequent developments has been the existence of large-scale discourses that have sometimes conflicted. In this regard, considering the importance of the subject of this research, it has been tried to answer the central question of what major discourses have dominated the Tunisian revolution. In parallel with this question, the research aims to test the hypothesis the Tunisian revolution was influenced by the two processes of globalization and Islamism, the two discourses of democracy and Islamism dominated as the two dominant discourses on the Tunisian revolution. In addition to depicting the dominant discourses based on the post-revolutionary context, the findings also indicate that Tunisia shifts are moving towards a Tunisian identity that ultimately seeks to establish itself within a national state. The research method is descriptive and analytical and the data collection method is based on library and internet search.