نشریه دانش شهرسازی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 12، پاییز 1399)

State and market institutions are among the most important and influential political-economic organizations whose composition and role can influence the integrity of the social system. In the modern planning literature, the nature of urban spatial planning is defined as the rule of place, and therefore the state and the market play a unique role in the process of this type of planning, and understanding how they interact in spatial planning discourses can determine the whole path and expected results of the spatial urban planning.

Therefore, explaining the role and position of state and market in spatial urban planning as one of the key theoretical issues, with emphasis on the New Institutionalism approach, is the main goal of this research.

In this article, with an analytical-descriptive method, while raising conceptual questions at the beginning, after introducing market and state as the two main institutions in spatial urban planning and the capabilities and failures of each in urban development, schools view and various theories of political economy are traced back to the three main streams and finally analyzed in terms of the New Institutionalism approach and Transaction Cost Theory.

From an Institutionalism point of view, planning is a tool for dealing with the unknown future and can be successful when it leads to integration into the existing order. New Institutionalism and Transaction Cost Theory, by rejecting the dichotomy of the market and the state, attempt to portray spatial planning and planning as an aspect of governance that consisting of both the public and private sectors, thereby expressing the existence of plans and spatial planning reduce transaction costs.

The results indicate that considering the shortcomings and capabilities of the market and the state, changing the pattern of their relationships in urban spatial planning should be considered in order to reduce transaction cost in urban development.

What we can see today is the increasing number of events that are taking place around the world. These events, which are driving the waves of globalization, are heading for cities as Megatrends. Consequently, new needs and issues are emerging in cities that divert cities from their originality. This authenticity can be termed as city values. The cities of our country have not been exempt from this rule and have been affected by these Megatrends and trends.

In the present study, the aim is to explain the Megatrends and Trends in the city and to investigate and examine the impact of Megatrends and Trends on the contemporary Iranian city from the perspective of Islamic realism.

According to the objectives, the present study can be considered as a qualitative study. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the approach of logical reasoning (cultural-discourse), using library and documentary studies and questionnaire in order to use Delphi technique.

According to studies and evaluations, Megatrends and Trends can be examined and explained in the form of urban components, which include social megatrends, cultural megatrends, economic changes and its globalization, spatial-physical urban megatrends, political and legal megatrends, transportation megatrends and environmental megatrends. Also, the theoretical approach of Islamic realism, which originates from the field of Iranian-Islamic cities, was introduced as a framework for review and filtering.

Paying attention to current megatrends and trends in all fields and studying their impact on the dimensions of research, urban plans and programs and projects can be very efficient and effective. This is by choosing the Islamic realism approach as one Attitudes that are compatible with the Iranian city and today's approaches are becoming much more efficient and practical.

Since long time ago, theoreticians and intellectuals of urban and non-urban fields have concerned themselves with providing outlines and portraits of, and thoughts about, utopia. In principle when it comes to utopia, everyone complains about the status quo, looks for a solution under utopia so as to improve the situation, and provides an imaginary or actual outline of utopian features. There are very few people, nevertheless, who provide an outline of dystopia in order to give an indirect account of the features of utopia.

In this paper, my goal is to consider the Quranic dystopia so as to find out more about the features of Quranic utopia.

In my inquiry into the concept of Quranic utopia in this paper, I have deployed a reverse method; that is, I unearth the features of utopia via those of dystopia. In my references to the Qur’an as the main source of the research, I have deployed an exegetical-interpretational method relying mainly on al-Mīzān in order to understand Quranic verses.

In this research, I have identified four city-related concepts in the Qur’an: balad, qarya, madīna, and miṣr. The word, qarya, is synonymous with dystopia, and balad denotes utopia, and by considering them together, we can account for Quranic utopia.
Qarya or the Quranic dystopia is a city whose people are not believers—they do not believe in God, the day of resurrection, the prophethood of prophets, and the imamate of the Imams, and do not do righteous actions. They are obstinate and vicious, they are deniers, polytheists, unbelievers, and oppressors. These are people who seek more pleasure, more wealth, unlimited freedom, greater domination, more general praise, and in a word, they love this world and seek no goals except the enjoyment of this world. When the Qur’an deals with the features of dystopia, it is mainly concerned with lifestyles, beliefs, moral attitudes, and conducts of people of “town” (qarya) and its rulers, and rarely does it deal with anatomical features thereof.

Features enumerated by Fārābī for his dystopias are compatible with those of the Quranic dystopia. Moreover, through a comparison between contemporary cities and Quranic dystopias, I conclude that contemporary cities are in a regressive direction towards qarya.

The absence of urban environment for children in the urban spaces along with growing urban development have resulted in children’s decreased presence in this area gradually. Because of these policies, the sense of belonging to the urban environment in children is now differently assessed. Hence, it can be concluded that the environment plays a significant role in the development of personality and child growth; thereby forming the cultural, social factors as well as a great portion of the child's environmental and spatial attachments in the family on neighborhood context.

This study attempts to evaluate the relationship between components such as environmental flexibility, location identity, and presence in neighborhoods as components of urban planning with such factors as playing, experienced emotion, and participation in decision making. The main question of this study is the effect and extent of these components on each component.

Methodologically, this study has a quantitative approach and a descriptive and causal-comparative research strategy. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that 367 students were chosen through clustering from each school, among 8000 students of Bandar Anzali. The outcomes were analyzed through the software SPSS24 and LISREL8.80.

The analysis of the results proved that the highest effect coefficient (95%) in children was related to place flexibility, which causes creativity in the creation of a game by the child.

The following grades of the most influence was for physical presence in the neighborhoods with 94% and place identity with 89%, obtained from the questionnaire filled by children.

The transformation of urban land management systems from instrumental approaches to participatory approaches has led to the development of a new approach to land governance.

The present research addresses the question of what is an appropriate and efficient model of urban land policy and management. The main issue here is to resolve the fundamental conflicts and tensions that emerge in networks that the government has the task of regulating either directly (interdependence theory) and indirectly (the theory of sovereignty, the theory of sovereignty, the theory of sovereignty).

This study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods at three spatial levels. The population of the study included the institutions responsible for urban land use and their clients. Documentary and field methods (questionnaire) were used for data collection and multivariate linear regression model and path analysis were used for quantitative data analysis and then content analysis method was used for qualitative analysis.

The results of the structural equations show that among the five independent variables of the study including coordination and consensus, effectiveness and accountability, accountability, decentralization, and strategic insight of agreeable integration variable with the coefficient of 0.492 the most direct (indirect and indirect) coefficients. It had a city. The analysis of Iran's urban land management structure also shows that this structure is highly fragmented in decision-making and lack of land management integration, which is the main cause of its inconsistency and inefficiency.

Therefore, an integrated urban governance model was proposed as a suitable and efficient model based on consensual (horizontal / vertical) integration between all actors and the transfer of part of government authority to the lowest local level along with capacity building. Consequently, it is imperative that the government reconsider the land management approach and structure. Finally, the effectiveness, explanation and generalization of this model were confirmed by experts.

Due to the increasing growth of cities, the possibility of urbanization and condensation, according to the urban uses that can ask you for fire and shelter theory so that they can easily buy and can easily ask you. This consultation can be done by an expert, you can do your services, and we provide you with our services, and you can use these services to enjoy these services. Ahwaz made the most adjustments according to the conditions, according to the priorities.

The present paper aims to optimize the self-confidence of urban uses on rankings.

with a deep and extensive overview in the research literature, the most important criteria used in the locating of fire stations Identified and extracted. Then, in order to fit the criteria identified in the previous step, The Delphi technique is used and the criteria that Experts had less disagreement on them were chosen. In order to weigh and prioritize the criteria selected in the previous step, one of the most effective and innovative techniques in operation research Named Best Worst Method (BWM) was used. Finally, using the PROMETHEE technique, four potential locations for fire station construction were ranked.

The final results from weighting the criteria indicated that The number of villages in the margin (the number of villages under the fire protection area of the city); Residential centers (neighborhoods with residential structures, settlements and towers); and distance (distance between stations from places with potential fire) respectively with weights of 0.092, 0.088 and 0.068 have been allocated in The first to third places.

The results of the ranking of potential locations showed that the location of the Paddah area located at Ayatollah Behbahani Boulevard is the most suitable location for the construction of a fire station. Subsequently, the locations of the Khorramshahr, Koi Farhangian, and steel houses' highways were ranked second to fourth respectively for the construction of the fire station.

Statement of the problem The dysfunctional middle textures of cities, also known as worn-out textures, are one of the main problems and obstacles to the sustainable development of our country's metropolises and metropolises. The city of Rasht is no exception to this rule, and despite the use of the urban regeneration approach in recent years, which is still an incomplete process in the sperm, it needs to be developed with a more scientific and efficient view and considering cognitive and practical frameworks. Goal The present study aims to explain the indicators of sustainable regeneration of dysfunctional urban intermediate textures, and to rank and structurally analyze the indicators related to the city of Rasht. Method To this end, the Delphi Questionnaire, derived from documentary and theoretical studies, was presented to 8 experts and elites in the field of urban planning and urban planning as the proposed indicators of intermediate dysfunctional textures for brainstorming. Then, based on the structural analysis method and with the criterion of placing the city of Rasht as the platform for the formation of these indicators, the analysis were performed based on the position of the indicators in the impact-effectiveness chart through descriptive-analytical software. Findings 68 selected indicators in 6 fields: 1. Physical-spatial; 2. Service - functional; 3. Economic development; 4. Social development; 5. Cultural development; 6. Environmental protection; Are. After that, 63 indicators were ranked and analyzed through Mike Mac software analysis. Conclusion Based on the impact-effectiveness matrix, the top six indicators of the influential contexts include two variables, the "rate of user mix" in the functional-service field and the "growth rate of renewable energy production" in the field of environmental and risk variables. Safety services in the physical-spatial field, "neighborhood recreation status" in the economic field, "cultural activity development activity" in the cultural field, and "public participation in the recreation process" in the social field have gained the first rank.