پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 30 (تابستان 1399)

On animal rights, various texts have been found in early legal texts. With the growth of world culture in recent centuries, more attention has been paid to animal rights. There has been much talk of animal rights in the West, the result of which is the Charter of Animal Rights and several post-World War I regional conventions In recent times, Muslim scientists have been working on animal rights affected by these global developments, but no significant research has been done. In this research, using library content method and content analysis method, this issue has been studied in two schools of Islam and the West. Comparing the Universal Charter of Animal Rights and the Conventions on Legal Law with the Qur'an and the Letter of Nahj al-Balagah and other Islamic Laws, In Islamic culture animal rights have been discussed for centuries befor the West. The provisions of the World Charter are incomplete in this respect and in some cases have become excessive. It should be noted that Islamic laws in this regard are comprehensive and comprehensive and in the religious literature observance of animal rights is considered a divine duty.

Semantics is part of today's linguistics and is the knowledge of meaning analysis, examining different types of meaning in order to specify the precise one, in and out of a context. What matters in this science is the evolution of word from the beginning to the contemporary period and discovery of a contextual meaning of a word, indeed. The present research studies the contextual meaning of truth and sincerity in Nahj al-Balagha and attempts to find out its semantic status based on descriptive semantic methodology. The study indicates that first of all, this word has not undergone fundamental changes in its meaning and implication over time and it has always been considered as a moral virtue. Moreover, in Nahj al-Balagha, it carries the original (literal) and idiomatic meaning and it collocates with words such as faith, benefaction, and right and … in a semantic network and in a semantics confrontation with it has appeared falsehood.  Its semantic domain also includes three domains of truth and sincerity of belief, moral truth and truth as a general concept.

The origin of the legitimacy of governments is one of the most fundamental issues in political philosophy, which is considered binding and influential because of its impact on efficiency and preservation of governments. The present article, with a religious point of view, descriptive and analytical view, explains the foundations of the legitimacy of the Imam Ali's government from his perspective in Nahj al-Balagha. In this research, the author first obtained the cases of Imam's evidence on the legitimacy of his government and then explains how the legitimacy of Imam Ali's government was emphasized by the Imam's words in Nahj al-Balagha. The findings of the research indicate that Imam Ali in many cases in this noble book discusses his legitimacy to the position of guardian and caliphate and he has clearly demonstrated his sovereignty for divine reasons. In his view, the position of community Sovereignty is a divine authority and the source of the legitimacy of government is based on the will of God. Accordingly, the investigation of the legitimacy of the government is based on criteria such as the installation of God, the Prophet's command, infallibility and the supremacy of knowledge. In addition to these basic criteria, according to the criteria that the caliphs believed in their sovereignty, the imam also argued against them According to the same criteria of caliphs and thus proved his sovereignty.

Accurate understanding of personality, ethics and talents of the audiences are the most important factors to choose an efficient and effective educational method. So, recognition of audience is one of the basics of effectiveness of educational methods. Nahj al-Balagha emphasizing that the Imam is responsible for the proper education of society, says that he is the best guide for identifying educational methods. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. This study tries to analyze the relationship between different properties of audiences such as age, level of acceptance, ethics and behavior properties, psychological properties, level of rationality and their beliefs, and adoption of educational methods such as Step by step companion, providing criterion and pattern, preaching, punishment and encouragement and etc. The mentor will easily achieve the proper educational method by putting aside the implicit behavior and by having complete recognition of the audience. The findings of this article can be used in studies of religious education.

Nahj-ol-balaghe's utilizing the device of Apostrophe not only is the readers' or the listeners' great attraction to its elegant eloquence but is considered as one of the cohering devices in its sermons. Analyzing the role of Apostrohe in the cohesion of the sermons presented in the same book, determining the amount of using different types of Apostrophe in them, and surveying the effectivness of it on the text cohesion are the main objectives of the present research which has attempted to specify the frequency of different rypes of Apostrophe in the first forty sermons in Nahj-ol-balaghe, and analyze some examples of them as the cohering device, while emphasizing the analytical descriptive method, and figurative linguistics. The findings of the study show that the sermons of the Nahj-ol-balaghe enjoy from hexaploid Apostrophes in pronouns, number, forms, particles, syntax, and vocabulary. They also show that the Apostrophe plays a role in the cohesion of the sermons, being used in the associative and substitutive place with some of the cohesive compentsin linguistics.

Islam places a high value on the status of pious scholars and scientists. Holy Muhammad the prophet's laying stress on pious scholar in such a community that suffered from ignorance, and the root of the word Quran taken from the infinitive to read both bear witness to the importance of pious scholars status in that era. In a Hadis(Islamic narration), pious scholars are referred to as Prophet's heirs. As an Islamic scholar, Imam Ali has widely referred to the importance of scholars in historical and Hadis sources to the extent that he articulates a sage sentence that denotes '' A sleep equipped with knowledge is better than a prayer with ignorance". Thus, the present study undertakes a descriptive-analytic approach to investigate the pious scholars' features. The results of the study indicate that a pious scholar possesses features such as piety in its extensive dimensions, pragmatism, discretion forbearance, oppression resistence, and concern about Islamic unity.

The existence of literary industries, including idioms in the texts, albeit is sweetish and beautifully word, but sometimes achieving their exact meaning is not easy. Especially in the Metaphorical Phrases, the discovery of meanings and concepts is not always obtained from the algebraic and simple meanings of the words; hence their application in narrative texts, including Nahj al-Balagha, has led to a lack of understanding of the purpose of the Imam. The two Metaphorical Phrases Lā Abā Lak" and "Lā Abā Legayrek" are among these idioms, which only the meaning of composite components and then put together, their true meaning cannot be reached; but the understanding of the Imam's purpose is inevitably involves paying attention to Evidences such as: style of an expression and circumstances of the issuance Etc. Not paying attention to this issue is a problem that Nahj al-Balagha's translations are plagued with and the replacement of inappropriate equivalents in them, creates a suspicion of "the existence of offensive words in the word of the Amir al-Momenin" in the minds. This research, while analyzing and criticizing contemporary translations, seeks to eliminate these doubts by deductive descriptive method, to find the correct equations of the present two terms, And shows that in addition to the main meaning, there are other meanings to the term such as "Why don't you think!?, How much neglect!, Why not come on your own?!, What have you done!?, Enemy your enemy Etc".