فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 136، بهار 1399)

Sports sites per capita can be considered as the area exist for each member of statistical population. The purpose of this study istoanalyze and Geo-locate sports sites in Golestan Province using GIS

this was descriptive survey, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population included all sports sites (721 spots) in Golestan province, Iran. Geographical coordinates of sports sites were collected. Then, the database was created and imported into the GIS so as to prepare the required maps.

The results showed 179out of 721 total sports sites, are located in rural areas and 542 sports sites are in cities of Golestan provinces, Iran. 145 sports sites are outdoors and 578 sites are indoors. The analysis showed that the total sports space per capita is 76 square meters per person in Golestan, the rural sports space is 86 square metersper capita while, it is 71 square meters in rural areas. According the vision of the fifth development plan, the optimum sports space per capita is 2.1 square meters for Iranians. Therefore, the provincechr('39')s sports space per capita is far lessthan the minimum suggested per capita. Among the cities, Kordkoy has the largest sports space per capita (with 69.1 square meters) while, Maraveh Tapeh has the smallest space (with 0.45 square meters).

Therefore, it is suggested that areas with less space per capita should be the top priority in the construction of new sports. Sites Moreover, considering the fewer number of indoor sports sites per capita in rural areas, new sports fields ought to be built in such areas as much as possible.

The aim of this study was to compare the sustainable development of nomadic areas of the country from the perspective of legal rules in the period before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran.

This research is descriptive and analytical in the form of an in-depth study. In the first part, basic information about nomadic status (population, distribution and percentage) was collected before and after the revolution. Then; relevant rules and regulations that were enacted in each period were extracted and compared. Also; a comparative comparison was made between the indicators of sustainable nomadic development in the two studied periods. Therefore, the World Bankchr('39')s approach and guidelines were used to measure sustainable development indicators.

Sustainable development of nomadic areas during the pre-revolutionary period has varied. While in the post-revolutionary period, there is less turmoil in planning and formulating laws. On the other hand, some indicators of sustainable development have been more favorable. For example: Capital financing by the local community, income level, natural ecosystem health and natural resource utilization. While in the post-revolutionary period, indicators such as the existence of legal rules, participation in the implementation of development programs, the presentation of plans and programs to the government, the level of health, literacy and effective role in the national economy are better.

The results show that despite progressive laws such as Article 50 of the Constitution, the current legal rules are incapable of balancing the indicators of human, environmental and economic development in nomadic areas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the typology of environmental crimes in the natural geography of Iran.

First, a checklist of different environmental crimes prepared based  on semi-structured interview method with 169 respondents identified as sample size. Second, using expert opinions and the method of pairwise comparison, environmental crimes are weighted and their importance coefficient was determined. Finally, related data were collected from the legal offices of the relevant organizations, the statistics of violations, and environmental crimes in each provinces of the country between the years 2016 to 2019.

Environmental crimes are classified into 3 major factors, 8 minor-factors, and 23 measurement categories. The highest crime rates were "ecosystem degradation", "environmental pollution" and "biodegradation", respectively. The highest percentage of minor crimes belongs to "water pollution" with 58 percent, followed by "soil pollution" with 26 percent, and finally "air pollution" with 16 percent. In crimes related to "ecosystem destruction"; the highest percentage belongs to  "destruction of forests and pastures" with 48%, followed by "destruction of wetlands and ecosystems" with 35%, and finally, "destruction of mountains and plains" with 17%. In the case of crimes related to "harvesting resources and effects on biodiversity"; the highest percentage of "damage to wildlife" was 57% and the lowest rate was "damage to habitat" with 43%. The highest crime rates belong to  "land-use change" (9.4%) and the lowest is "herbal plant harvests" (0.5%). Mazandaran province with 6674 cases of environmental crimes is at the top of the list of provinces in the country and Khorasan Razavi province with 232 crimes is at the lowest point.

Considering the multiplicity and diversity of environmental crimes in the country and the increasing frequency of crime, it is necessary to take more effective measures in this regard.

This study aims to identify the typology of wind-catchers in Semnan province as an example of traditional architecture based on sustainable development patterns.

This is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, which has been done through library and field study. The methodology has been a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, 37 items were selected as the main samples and evaluated using five evaluation indicators. In these perceptions, the selected buildings and especially their wind-catchers were carefully examined and their maps were drawn accurately, and then by examining and comparing the obtained maps, different types of wind-catchers were categorized in separate categories according to the similarities and differences.

The results showed that 10.8% of wind catchers are two-way and 89.2% are four-way. Examination of wind towers’ plan of wind-catchers in the plan shows all wind-catchers studied wind catchers are connected to the hall; 45.9% of them are located in the symmetry axis of the hall and 54.1% are located in the corner of the hall. Examination of the windshield plan showed that 29.7% of the windshields had a square plan and 70.3% had a rectangular plan. The results showed that 40.5% of wind-catchers ventilate only the ground floor, while 59.5% ventilate the basement. Moreover, 27% of wind towers have a square shelf, 46% have a vertical rectangular shelf and 27% have windshields with a horizontal rectangular shelf. The western half of the province has more wind-catchers than the eastern and northern half.

By applying the principles of traditional architecture in line with the climate, it is possible to meet some of todaychr('39')s architectural needs such as air conditioning and optimal energy consumption.

This study aims to identify the importance of biodiversity in the development of ecotourism in Khar Turan National Park or Touran Wildlife Refuge in Iran.

This is an analytical survey. First, the map of the most vital habitats in the study area was prepared through locating the land points in GPS using GIS, The study used Landsat 7 (ETM+) data (updated in 2010). For this purpose, Arc GIS software, Version9.2 was used. A modified questionnaire was used to record users’ opinions and the importance of natural attractions in terms of biodiversity. The sampling method is a cluster random technique with 764 samples. Exploratory factor analysis is used to analyze the data.

The southern and eastern parts of the study area are desert (with 57%). Rangelands and plains, mainly in middle parts, cover 40% of the region. Moreover, there are 3 mountains (3%) in the northern part. There are 16 protected species in the list of biodiversity of this region. From the touristschr('39') point of view, the most important attractions related to wildlife are hunting, sport, recreation, education, and research and economic benefits, respectively, gun hunting has the biggest weight (with 0.75) followed by equestrian-related attractions (with 0.63), and animal-watching attractions (with 0.59), while economic benefits and drawing attractions carried very little weight, with 0.14 and 0.18, respectively

The study area has great potential for ecotourism. However, due to the high tendency of tourists to commit environmental violations and the low awareness of them and the local community about the consequences of environmental crimes, it is needed to apply management principles including education, planning, and making environmental laws.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental risk of Tehranchr('39')s sports spaces in terms of the release of carbon monoxide pollutants.

First, data related to carbon monoxide pollutants were collected from the Tehran Air Pollution Monitoring Center and analyzed from the beginning of April 2018 to the beginning of April 2019. Using Craigchr('39')s introspection, the corresponding raster was generated and classified. Finally, the classification was done and the relevant map was prepared using the air quality index table (AQI / PSI), the spatial location layer of the sports complex, and the pollution layer of the carbon monoxide was merged using  IO technique in the GIS. William Finechr('39')s risk assessment method, with two different scenarios, was used to determine the level and rank of environmental risk.

The results showed that the highest and the lowest hourly concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants are recorded in Aqdasiyeh (with 2.39 ppm) and Piroozi (with 2.11 ppm), respectively. The cleanest air was recorded in Aqdasiyeh station (with 77 clean days), while the most polluted air was recorded in Piroozi station (with just7 clean days). Approximately, 30 percent of the days of the year had grouped into categories of "unhealthy" and "unhealthy for sensitive groups". The average hourly and daily concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants was less than permitted levels at all stations, indicating that none of the sports complexes in the study area are at risk for hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide pollutants. According to Scenario A, the risk rating is related to the carbon monoxide pollutant 24, which indicates a non-hazardous situation and a "low-risk level".

About 12 sports complexes are directly exposed to this pollutant and it is necessary to adopt management strategies to improve the quality of this type of urban land use.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts of Aras River pollution.

First, the physicochemical properties of river water were measured in the vicinity of industrial zones. This is an applied survey carried out through sampling and laboratory experiments. Sampling was performed from mid-2018 to mid-2019 and at selected stations. Three water samples were taken at each station. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite, and TDS were measured with a spectrophotometer. Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium concentrations were measured using Flame Photometer and the remainder were measured by professional devices. All sampling process was repeated four times and the average number was recorded for each station.

The results showed that the lowest recorded electrical conductivity was 0.789 while the highest was 2.346 ds / m, unsuitability of soil, and water for irrigation. The measured total solids content was 1211 mg / l indicates a moderate limitation in terms of salinity. The average recorded pH was 8.17, which is within the national permitted range and standard of the World Health Organization. The concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite is more than the maximum amount of the permitted range. The concentration of Potassium is in the standard range. According to the obtained mean (64 mg / l), the concentration of Calcium and Cadmium is within both national permitted range and international standard range, eith64mg/1, and 0.8 μg/1, respectively. While that of Lead (μg / l 0.09) is just within the standard range.

Discharge of agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastewater into the river in upper parts of the study area is the biggest threat to the lower parts environment.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the coastline changes, sedimentation, and erosion in Bushehr coastline using TM, ETM+, OLI from 1976 to 2018.

This is an applied case study that used satellite imagery, geological maps, and meteorological information as well as field observations. Pre-processing, processing, and visualization of satellite images were done using ENVI5.3 software. The images were classified using the supervised classification method and the maximum likelihood algorithm. Finally, the changes detected was analyzed. To determine the hydraulic and hydrostatic specification of the study area, the coefficient of curvature index was used.

Results showed the maximum length of the coastline was 200 kilometers in 2018 while it was 122 kilometers in 1976. The length of the coastline has increased during all study periods. Human activities have played the most important role in coastal change. Some structures and installations have caused an imbalance between erosion and sedimentation, which made changes in width and length of the coast in some parts of canals, and Khor. For the quantitative analysis of coastline change, the coefficient of curvature index was used to compare the studied years.

Results of the research showed that most of the changes have been coastline retreat. Increasing the number of arches in the range of more than 2 (curvature coefficient) in 1986, 2018, and 2018 indicates a non-equilibrium which is a consequence of human activities as well as natural factors. Increasing sea level as a result of this region’s gentle slop and human interference may cause serious challenges and environmental threats.