نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1399)

The importance of silk in the economy of Guilan and Persia, and especially the exportation of this product to other countries, are the main reasons behind the attention Persia’s central governments and foreign powers paid to silk. This is despite the fact that Guilan used to have the economic power to produce other products in addition to silk. Safavid era marks the pinnacle of silk trade in Guilan and Persia; the product also forms a major portion of export items in the Qajar era. The major factor contributing to the importance Europeans attached to the silk produced in Guilan was the epidemy of silkworm diseases, and the consequent shortage of silk, in Europe. However, due to the dominance of Russia over silk-producing areas in the northern Persia, Russians had the monopoly over the product. The English too tried to have access to this precious commodity through intermediaries. Other European nations, therefore, were not able to trade in Persian silk then. The monopoly of silk held by Russians and the English caused the livelihood of silk producers and merchants during Qajar era to be dependent upon the firms and policies formulated by these two nations. Based on historical and document studies, the present research tries to analyse the role of silk industry of Guilan and the impact thereof on the Russo-English and Persia relations in the Qajar era. The findings indicate that some political conflicts between Russia and England in Persia were over controlling the economy and trade of this product. This exclusive trade caused other countries to fall out of competition with these powers. The policies implemented by Russia and England did finally pave the way for the reduction of the importance of silk.

Requirement of each state is establishment of the Court after the formation and consolidation. Mongols had been nomadic people before the government was established by them. their knowledge was influenced by the cultures around them. Mongols was in Central Asia and in the neighborhood of civilized nations, including the Uyghurs and Kitan. This proximity and neighborhood created strings of connection between them in various formats. moreover Mongols standed in close neighborhood of great civilization of China and with present in Iran, the coordinates of Chinese civilization brought with them to Iran, specially joint common in administrative structure of Ilkhani. Thought there is the historical origins of joint common in Iran but it, but this harmony in the Ministry cohere the Chinese culture. This article is intended to the originals of joint common in China and the channels of communication Iranian and Chinese civilization, including Kitan, Uyghurs and the Silk Road which are involved and partook in the transfer of joint common from China to Iran.

The Soviet Red Army, in August 1941 in order to access to the Alliance; logistic line and under the pretext of the presence of German consultants in Iran, occupied Iran. During the presence of this Army in the north and northwestern plateaus of Iran, some movements emerged in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan which created a crisis for central government. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Soviet role in eccentric movements in Kurdistan from 1941 to 1946. This research has done on the basis of descriptive-analytical method and relying on primary resources such as unpublished documents and library resources. The findings of this research show that the Soviet Union goal of igniting ethnic trends in Kurdish regions of Iran was to fulfill its own political and economic interests so that it could establish a base in Iran for its own infiltration in Iran in Post-world war II era. Due to the Pahlavi policies to eradicate language, history and culture of Kurds and their ethnicity within ethnic identity and national identity, and Soviet support for the Kurds caused them to diverge from the central government and they considered the Kurdish movements of Soviet Army not as an occupation force but a liberating one.

Fall of Sasanian Empire, in addition to political results, had also extensive social, economic and cultural results that influenced Zoroastrian society in the first Islamic centuries. Many reflections of these changes would be studied in post-Sasanian texts which instruct different teachings in order to maintain solidarity and inner unity from pathological viewpoint. Many of teachings were influenced by apocalyptic texts that were the focus of attention. Assuming that apocalyptic Zoroastrian contents, had different teachings in religious, political, social, cultural and economic fields in the first Islamic centuries, this paper aims to study the contents in post-Sasanian texts and apocalyptic attitudes of Zoroastrian religion in different fields with descriptive-analytical method.

As a result of the excessive interest of the Safavid kings in animal hunting in the safavid era, it was of great importance that the customs, the organization and the rules of the court, bylines and tools, hunting days and its reflections were included in taste and religious artwork and jurisprudential rulings which created a culture of ethics and hunting practices. The current research with a descriptive-analytic approach and based on first order historical sources travelogues and manuscripts has turned to the views of environmental ethics and hunting, the biological and human consequences for the study of the safavid’s history and asks of the motivation and process of hunting in the safavid era and its risks to the environment and the extent of danger for different animal species of Iran. The findings of this essay indicate that safavid kings understood hunting in addition to a food source, as something that includes learning martial arts, entertainment ,fun and play, identity markers and legitimization and persuading a sense of pride and ambition albeit, with an anthropocentric ethical approach to hunting and the environment and taking into account the modeling of the safavid rulers and neglecting the moderation of hunting and its continuation and transfer as a heritage to subsequent periods, they created devastating consequences which caused human casualties, and environmental damage to species of animals.

Bold presence of Chagataees in governmental organization is the most prominent aspects of the Timurid era. This is due to the fact that Timur used Chagatees elements for establishment, consolidation of the state and expanding the territory. The main issue of this research is to investigate the role of Chagataees in the formation and establishment of the Timur’s rule and the assessment of the reasons and the political, administrative and military influence of the chaghatays in this government. This research had examined the thoughts and politics of Timur in relation with Chagataees in military and estate affairs based on descriptive-analytical method in the field of library studies. The results of the research indicate that Chagataees’ presence in Timur's military and governance affairs was significant. This issue, in addition to Timur's inevitability for using Chagataees for obtaining consolidation of political legitimacy, was influenced by the dependence of Timur's rule on the Chagataees' armies and the using them for the expansion and preservation of the territory and the consolidation of the state.