نشریه جامعه شناسی سیاسی ایران
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1398)

The attitude taken by religious forces toward Modern Teachings has been discussed and explored in many studies relating the period from time of incumbency of Abbas Mirza as Qajar Crown Prince and ruling over Azerbaijan through the end of Qajar era (1214-1304hs/1835-1925AD). This issue has become doubly important, especially for clarifying complex and ambiguous aspects of tradition- modernity relationship during discussed period, but this important subject has been overlooked by some researchers in Pahlavi era. One of the reasons for such a defect should sought for focusing of political and historical studies on political and economic challenges during above-said period. It is natural in this process that the cultural effort made by political activists to be on the wane. Publishing of documents from gendarmerie and SAVAK organization as well as diaries of political and cultural characters during several decades has partially compensated for this defect. Focusing on reason and quality of active presence of religious forces in educational scene in this decade the present research examines them by emphasis on evidences from gendarmerie. Based on this study, religious forces possessed the largest chain of Private Schools using legal potentials and particularly rule of National Schools (private). The persons graduated from these modern educational centers gradually acquired Islamic identity and about two hundred thousand schools were built by religious groups, especially marketers and clergymen so it was a great stride taken toward Islamization of community. Among several religious organizations, Islamic Teaching Association Institute, managed by Sheikh Abbasali Eslami, overtook other educational activists and it was known as the most active educational organization in the public from this time to the end of Pahlavi regime

Influenced by the rationality of Shiite Islam, the Islamic Revolution of Iran faces challenges in advancing its grand goals - the new Islamic civilization.Intellectual challenges, in other words, "rationality", are the most fundamental challenge to an intellectual system. Secular rationality seems to be the most fundamental challenge to the advancement of Islamic rationality in the context of the Islamic Republic. In this regard, this article seeks to answer this question with a text-oriented hermeneutic method "What are the intellectual layers and social signs of the challenge of secularism to civilizational Islam?" The research findings emphasize that the root of the challenge lies in the issue of religious knowledge. The dual distinction in epistemology has led to various political-social implications and distinctions in the principles and process of governance during the Islamic Republic. Possibility or refusal of Islamic humanities, Religious or customary governing society, Religious or customary administration of society, historical or mission of civilization for the Islamic Revolution, The intrinsic or transversal nature of the norms of political Islam - such as anti-arrogance - is one of the most important social manifestations of this challenge. Intellectual persuasion and theoretical persuasion are necessary to overcome the challenge of secularism, which is briefly discussed in this article from the perspective of civilizational Islam.

Development 1 as freedom 2 from the perspective of Amartyasen 3 and political development where the role of society and the duty of government in a two-way complementary process as the goal of development has been the focus of research. Amartiasen on the one hand, emphasises the role of parties and uncensored publications, and on the other hand, influenced by Aristotle, on the state for interaction as measures of political development. This bilateral view of active citizenship and criticism of neutral state has put the paper in community method. The main issue of the research is the study of the political development of the Hashemi government so far based on the sen,smeasures, and the reply to the question how did political development trend in Iran from the perspective of Amartyasen? The hypothesis presents that the measures of political development in Iran were not complementary and continuous, so that political development in the sense of extending the fundamental freedoms enjoyed by society was not fully realized. This research has analyzed the subject by historical method

The classical knowledge and epistemic systems of the Middle Ages have a pyramidal structure. That is to say, the elites or aristocrats were responsible for maintaining the social hierarchy and the division of labor and political office into the class base. One of the foundations and mechanisms of ancient Greece and Iran to maintain and maintain a monotonous structure was class self-sacrifice, in which a particular ethic was defined for each social class. In Plato's Republic, the Old Testament, the treatises of Farabi, Ferdowsi, and Obaid Zakani have emphasized class kinship. This article focuses on the akhlagh-alashraf Obaid Zakani's work on self-sacrifice, the mechanism of class morality, and its inversion to critique power in times of crisis in the Mongol invasion. To answer the question of how the representation of class kinship in the thought of Obaid Zakani, using phenomenological method, it has been shown that in the tradition of Iranian political thought, Obaid Zakani tried to preserve the class kinship of the king, agents and ordinary people, such as Farabi and Ferdowsi, but In the raids and rapes of deserters, there is no hope of direct reform with the industry of secrecy and inversion in the form of satire trying to critique the power and culture of its time.

Citizenship identity includes a set of common values, attitudes and fundamental laws that include sense of belonging, commitment and respect for the common heritage, as well as recognition of the rights and duties of citizenship. So this present study examined the relationship between the legalization, responsibility, trilogy identities, citizenship education and the citizenship identity of women in Isfahan using structural equation modeling. The research method is quantitative and is a type of scrolling. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women aged 15 to 59 years old in Isfahan. The results of structural equation modeling showed that in relation to the four variables of legalization, responsibility, trilogy identities and citizenship education, each of the indicators has a high explanatory power and among this Variables Citizenship education has the most impact on citizenship identity with coefficient (0.81) and after that, the effect of responsibility level is with coefficient (0.69). In general, variables include legalization, responsibility, triple identity and citizenship education have direct and significant effect on citizenship identity is significant

Women, as half of force available human in mankind societies that themselves are one of the development most important sources can play a major role in developing human societies. Therefore, women's participation in all social activities, including policy, is necessary, so that we can say being women in minority level in political affairs causes the democracy incomplete in society. This research has been carried out for the purpose of studying relation of sexually and social justice regarding women attitude in respect to democracy in Bushehr has been done. This paper has been carried out with an approach to research quantity and the use of survey. The study sample includes 600 women fellow citizens in Bushehr. It data has been compiled through structural questionnaire and analyzed by the use of SPSS software. The theory framework of this study exempted from Daniel Lerner. In this study attitudes with respect to democracy has been investigated in three parts: law and civil freedoms, a democratic and responsive government, and democratic society. 

the results of analysis show that among both social and sexuality justice variables there is a meaningful relation regarding women attitude in respect of democracy. Due to both social and sexuality justice variable in position and jobs grounds, at the present in Iran, women improved a lot but their presence in top jobs and positions is less observable, that this spontaneously doesn’t indicate social justice.

The contract, as a manifestation of the will of two or more people to create a legal effect, has long played a very important role in regulating the relationship between individuals and later in regulating the relationship between governments and individuals. The principle of equality of the parties is in the contracts, but the special features of government contracts, such as the annexation of these contracts and the priority of public interest over private interests, create a situation where the principle of equality of the parties is distorted and weakens the private party in government contracts. On the other hand, the need for good governance in the 21st century has forced governments to moderate existing inequalities and support the weak by accepting mechanisms. In this regard, the adjustment mechanism has an irreplaceable role and position in supporting the weak in government contracts. This mechanism allows the weak parties to regain their contractual benefits, regain their legitimate interests, and maintain their position in the economic cycle. Therefore, by supporting and strengthening the private sector, this mechanism will ultimately contribute to the country's economic growth and the improvement of standards.

Over the past two decades, many countries and groups have proposed reforming the structure of the Security Council, some of which will increase the number of permanent members and some of which will increase the number of non-permanent members. Regarding the Security Council reforms, the G4 countries, consisting of Germany, Japan, India and Brazil, have made proposals to increase the number of permanent members of the Security Council. Each of the G4 countries has a comparative advantage in their region, which gives them a chance to strive for a permanent seat on the Security Council. The position of a group of like-minded countries called the Alliance for Consensus in opposition to the Group of Four is of particular importance. The group opposes increasing the number of permanent members of the Security Council and has proposed increasing the number of non-permanent members. The purpose of this article is to examine the need to reform the structure of the Security Council by studying the views of these two effective and strong groups in the reform process of the Security Council and recognizing the needs and similarities, to pave the way for effective and sustainable reform in the Security Council. Using a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, the present article seeks to answer the questions: What are the opportunities and challenges for obtaining permanent seats for the Group of Four, and what strategy have like-minded countries taken to oppose the Group of Four?

This research is applied based on the types of studies in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the quantitative section of the managers of educational centers with human factors influencing the realization of educational goals, 4933 (2564 male managers and 2369 female managers) were selected. The sample size for the statistical population was determined based on the Krejcie-Morgan table. In this table, for the statistical population which was 4933 people, the introduced sample size includes 357 people, based on the number of 186 male managers and 171 managers. The woman was chosen. For the sampling method, in the first stage, to determine educational science experts and experienced experts, judgmental non-random sampling was used based on knowledge and relationship with the subject to saturation. Research tools include interview, Delphi method questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.90 in general and a reliability of 0.80 for the human capital component, a reliability of 0.72 for the structural capital component, a reliability of 0.82 for the communication capital component, and a reliability of 81. 0.0 for the socio-cultural capital component and reliability was 0.78 for the regeneration capital component. Therefore, using Spss software version 21 and Lisrel software and according to the research variables, the data obtained from the implementation of the questionnaire are calculated by calculating statistics. Findings showed that the intellectual capital model of managers of organizations and educational centers consists of 70 codes, 18 indicators and 5 dimensions.

Today, the Cairo judiciary is recognized as one of the most common terms in contract law, the proof or non-proof of which in a lawsuit can be the source of numerous works. To distinguish the Cairo power in different countries and different legal systems, three criteria of predictability, elimination and repulsion and foreignness have been introduced as the criteria for the realization of the Cairo power. What is certain is that in some cases the contractual terms and conditions are naturally affected by the Cairo power. However, what needs to be explained and examined is the role of current knowledge, including technical and engineering advances in understanding the status of the Cairo power. The size is effective and valid. In the laws and judicial procedures of different countries in the legal and customary legal systems, it is observed that proving the status of Cairo is a completely customary matter and is measured by customary criteria, and from this perspective, since custom is based on public knowledge, findings And technical and engineering advances play an important role in determining the limits and limits of Cairo's power, and as long as the limits of the validity of technical knowledge are not specified, it is unreasonable to refer to it in court. In the present article, this issue has been addressed with a descriptive analytical method and different dimensions and aspects of the issue have been studied.

The brightest part of the literature of nations is either the literature of stability and resistance, or it is connected and neighboring with this literature. In the contemporary period, along with extensive political and social developments, many countries witnessed revolutions and profound social and political ups and downs that paved the way for sustainable attitudes in literature. Committed poets who put their poetry at the service of society, resistance and perseverance, became one of the main themes of their poetry. In this article, the poetry collection of two prominent poets of contemporary Iranian and Iraqi literature: "Martyr Hossein Arsalan" and "Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri" has been studied in terms of the effects of stability and resistance with a comparative approach. Poetry analysis is descriptive-analytical and the most important and prominent components of stability are expressed by mentioning the differences and similarities in their poetry; Jawaheri is also one of the prominent Iraqi poets whose poems have the character of stability and resistance. Arsalan is the first martyred poet in the eight-year holy defense of Iran, who in this article depicts the effects of sustainability literature. The results show that the effects of stability in the poetry of the two poets are the same in terms of political and social similarities between the two countries. It is the unfavorable conditions of the society and they have reflected the disorders of the society with harsh and critical language and praised freedom.

Cyber ​​deterrence is one of the strategies to deal with cyber threats and also to strengthen the defense authority of countries in the field of emerging wars. Cyber ​​deterrence against cyber threats requires accurate knowledge of its principles and concepts, as well as how and its place in the formation of defense authority. The present article seeks to explain the role of cyber deterrence in the defense authority of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article was applied in terms of purpose and the method of doing it was descriptive-library. The statistical population of the study included the views and opinions of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces in the field of cyber defense as well as cyber deterrence in upstream documents. Quantitative statistical methods have been used to analyze the data. The research results indicate that cyber deterrence in four dimensions of communication, stability of opinion, capability and credibility affect the country's defense authority. Finally, in order to strengthen the deterrent power, the proposed strategies are presented.

The mission of this study, which has been prepared in a descriptive and analytical method, is to study the principles governing the civil procedure and the rights of the litigants in the two legal systems of Iran and the United States, one of which is derived from Islam and the other is subject to common law. The results and findings of this comparative study indicate that the civil procedure system in Iran based on jurisprudential sources and up-to-date law in accordance with Iranian and Islamic culture, principles and rights such as the principle of innocence, the principle of proportionality, the principle of openness of the trial, the principle of equality of evidence The principle of obliging the judge to state an argument, the principle of impartiality of the court, the principle of having an effective trial, the principle of conclusiveness of the conclusion of the dispute on the conciliation of the parties or the plaintiffs, the right to sue, the right to an independent lawyer, the right to object It recognizes a reasonable time limit and enacts laws and regulations and guarantees of enforcement to violate it. The principle of the right to a fair trial and the principle of the openness of the proceedings are mentioned. These differences are also due to differences in Ray Shah and their legislative principles.

In recent decades, many efforts have been made on how to plan and design mid-range projects to improve the quality of life. The word endogenous has its roots in botany. Endogenous is a plant that develops unfinished with the growth of vascular and cellular tissue among existing tissues. Endogenous development is development that is determined from within the economy and by the system that guides the production process. Endogenous development is an autonomous development, but it does not mean going back to the past or isolation, but it means relying on oneself and interacting with the outside world. Endogenous "Delphi and Q" along with the "survey method" was of the "interview and questionnaire" type. The results of the present study show that spatial privacy, stylistics of Iranian indigenous architecture, indigenous construction patterns, national and Iranian identity, spatial flexibility, security and spatial privacy, indigenous materials and technology, facade, appearance status and type of materials, internal development through Attention to the construction and expectations and tastes of people from housing, internal development through attention to materials and technology, internal development through attention to internal, indigenous and national capacities in styles and social participation in architectural design and planning processes are the most important design criteria. Housing is endogenous with a development approach.

It is necessary for the administrative and executive system, as well as sometimes the quasi-judiciary, to hear these cases in special and special authorities, separate from the general courts, and to discuss the dispute. The strongest and best solution in a lawsuit is to have a fair and just trial that provides judicial security for the parties, and this is not possible except in an independent and appropriate court, the independence and impartiality of the trial authority and the guarantees of the right to defense, the right to public trial. Proper trial, independence and impartiality of the judiciary, access to principles and documents in the trial process, the manner of appointment of members of the judiciary and the reviewer can provide the need for a fair trial and be consistent with the pattern of a fair trial. However, a fair and just trial is one of the manifestations of judicial justice and the principles of fair trial are rooted in justice and therefore one of the necessities of democratic societies is the acceptance of the principle of fair trial. Therefore, it is necessary to present a plan to provide a unified and coherent structure for the above-mentioned authorities, and in addition to legal expertise, expertise in the field of administrative performance should also be provided in resolving disputes, and away from the dependence of organizations, Chapter deals with disputes over service delivery.

Violation of the right of individuals to property and economic values ​​of society, takes place in various forms and forms, among which fraudulent acts constitute a significant volume of criminal acts against property. Transfer of other people's property and prying transaction are among the cases that infringe on the property rights of individuals. A transaction is a transaction in which a person trades for another, or with another's property, without his representation or authorization. The subject of the transfer of other property is property, both movable and immovable, and both object and benefit. In this research, we examine the legal effects of criminalizing transactions in other people's property.Violation of the right of individuals to property and economic values ​​of society, takes place in various forms and forms, among which fraudulent acts constitute a significant volume of criminal acts against property. Transfer of other people's property and prying transaction are among the cases that infringe on the property rights of individuals. A transaction is a transaction in which a person trades for another, or with another's property, without his representation or authorization. The subject of the transfer of other property is property, both movable and immovable, and both object and benefit. In this research, we examine the legal effects of criminalizing transactions in other people's property.

Today, we are the mother of the amazing siege of the consumption of goods and material things. Although before, the consumption of various goods was in line with economic needs. To achieve this, there are goods for consumption that can be exposed to the eyes of others and thus arouse the admiration of others. The aim of this study is to design a model of dramatic consumption, try to identify the factors affecting the dramatic consumption and develop the process of dramatic consumption of products in the market by marketers to meet the needs of consumers. This research is fundamental in terms of purpose and in terms of exploratory method and has been done with the help of meta-combined qualitative research method and content analysis by conducting exploratory interviews, participatory observations and reviewing related articles, after studies in the field of consumption. Demonstrative and through step-by-step content analysis, 11 main themes were introduced, including mental engagement, downsizing, generalization, resuscitation, need for power, differentiation, prestige, purchasing power, memetics, social bonding and reference groups, and 24 sub-themes.

Conflict with crime and delinquency has always plagued human societies. In this uncertain controversy, man has experienced many solutions from the distant past to the present, and in the meantime, he has chosen the easiest way; Punishment. The increasing growth of crime and the increase in crime rates and the ineffectiveness of some punishments, made those involved in the criminal justice system think of offering alternative solutions, one of which is impunity. In fact, we seek crime prevention in the first place, and one of the ways to prevent crime is impunity. The concept of decriminalization includes all forms of decongestion of the penal system, including various areas such as decriminalization and prosecution, and in some cases decriminalization.The authors of the present article, after addressing the principles and necessity of impunity, express the approaches and the process of impunity, and through this, examine the examples and effects of impunity in the Islamic Penal Code.

One of the most widely used topics in the law of obligations is the role of the conventional human being in obligations. In the field of concluding a contract, interpreting the contract, executing the contract, the conditions of exemption from contractual liability, recognizing the fault of the obligee in the obligations by the conventional human being is used as a model of comparison. Also in the field of civil liability, since the realization of fault as a principle is one of the pillars of civil liability litigation, to find a proper definition of fault, the concept of a normal human being must be known. According to the standard of a rational man, fault is doing something that this hypothetical man (normal man) would not do in the circumstances in which the damage occurred, or abandoning what he did in those circumstances. In the past, this criterion was quite specific, and jurists generally ignored internal and personal circumstances in finding fault, but today many believe that the judge should consider those internal conditions that can be easily assessed objectively, such as age, status. Consider health and physical abilities, etc.

Juvenile delinquents have been considered for their right to be different in Iranian criminal law. This right creates a context and capacity to take into account individual differences between children and adults in determining punishment and to avoid egalitarianism. Accordingly, the main issue of this research is about the challenges that if it is analyzed and its various dimensions are clarified, solutions to overcome the problems and obstacles of juvenile delinquency will be obtained. One of the important manifestations of paying attention to the right to be different in a legal system is the differential trial for dealing with juvenile delinquency. In the face of delinquency, this segment of society, due to their special characteristics, should be different from adult crimes in terms of the method of trial and the type of punishment. In recent years, the legal system of Iran, like many countries in relation to the age of criminal responsibility changing from repulsion to gradual, and effective steps have been taken to pay attention to the right to be different for this segment of society. In the criminal regulations of Iran since 1392 with a fundamental change in the laws of Islamic punishment and criminal procedure, as well as the bill for the protection of children and adolescents and subsequent laws; The criminal policy and the approach of the legislator in order to respect the right to be different in the type of punishment and security and educational measures regarding juvenile delinquent or juvenile offenders have changed fundamentally.

In Iranian criminal law, special malice can be realized with two specific intent states (complete, explicit, direct and certain) and knowledge in connection with the occurrence of the result with mental and psychological states. The purpose of this research is to examine the types of mental states under the title of intention and how to accept their position and role in the formation of specific intent and whether it is possible to reach specific malice with an indefinite intent (indirect, implicit, possible, etc.) or not, we come to this conclusion, all internal and mental states come to knowledge and intention, and in general, the intention is the mental state of the perpetrator, which should be taken into account regardless of physical and behavioral conditions, and all kinds of mental states have been proposed Under the title of indefinite intention, he will face a fundamental obstacle in realizing specific malice. The vital and important position of this discussion is because accurate and appropriate determination of the issue can change the direction of punishment and punishment. Especially in our criminal law, where severe punishments such as execution, self-retribution, and limbs, etc. are also determined as a guarantee of execution.

Human rights and citizenship are one of the fundamental issues of the new age, in such a way that not only no political and social thinker and political system are without the need to address it, but paying attention to the criteria and discourse of citizenship rights is an undeniable necessity in establishing and stabilizing Political systems have changed. Imam Khomeini (as a political jurist, the founder of the political system of the Islamic Republic, with a good understanding of this necessity, has well addressed the indicators and necessities of exercising citizenship rights. In this article, an attempt has been made to analyze the positions and ideas of Imam Khomeini in the field of citizenship rights with a descriptive-analytical approach, especially with an emphasis on the right to solitude and privacy, the right to welfare and social rights. Imam Khomeini's opinions and ideas are of double importance because they are the basis of the constitution and organization of the Islamic Republic. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical. The data is collected in a library manner.

The diversity of identity/ethnicity in contemporary Iran has been accompanied by the growth of globalization processes and has resulted in inter-ethnic conflicts that the degree of elimination of discrimination and inequalities in order to achieve social development tends to identity seeking and seeking justice, which is the subject of this research among Persians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs and Baluchs of Iran are located. Iranian social identities are dissatisfied with the domination of elements of Persian identity over their elements, and they do not consider the reduced status of Iranian historical identity to be fair and in line with the development of collective identities.This research titled "From border to border" in 13 provinces of Iran with integrated qualitative method (GT and survey) and in-depth interview tools, library documents, and open questionnaire, collects data in the fields of "religious identity and national identity (interaction or confrontation)" ", "inter-ethnic cultural boundaries", "deadlock of ethnic and national movements", "elimination of cultures", "peaceful approach to overcome the crisis", extracted and categorized and achieved a conceptual model in which the main factors ( economic and ideological), intervening factors (media and lifestyle), and background factors (legal, cultural parameters and mismanagement) phenomenon-oriented (demand for justice / social disruption) has been formed and strategic action (peaceful action, acceptance of the existing situation, and government interaction) and the nation) and its consequences (the stability and decline of social capital) are presented.

The principle of the necessity of contracts as an inviolable principle and rule dictates the necessity and execution of contracts, but sometimes the execution of a contract based on this principle causes irreparable damages to the other party. Therefore, jurists have been looking for this discussion for a long time that, despite the principle of the necessity of contracts, in case of a fundamental change in the circumstances, which causes extraordinary burden and difficulty in the implementation of the contract and disturbs the contractual balance, can it be dissolved or adjusted? Or did he decide to amend the contract? The theory of the fundamental change of the situation that has been proposed in the western law tries to answer this question. This theory has been considered and accepted in the laws of different countries as well as in international legal documents including conventions. According to this theory, if circumstances arise, a contract can be terminated or modified. In this article, the theory of change of circumstances and its effects are examined from the point of view of Iranian jurisprudence and law. The purpose of the article is to find an answer to the question, can we find examples in Iran's jurisprudence and law that are consistent with the conditions and works of the mentioned theory? If the mentioned theory is acceptable in Iranian law and jurisprudence, what effects can it have on the contract?

Crime system management is an innovative method of crime control that manages the risk of crime by identifying crime risk situations, strengthening, monitoring and increasing the cost of crime. In the divine system of Islam, which is based on monotheism and God-centeredness, the Qur'an as a holy book has plans for the happiness of man, which places him in the highest position. One of these programs is the explanation of the management of human life in society, which shows the way to happiness and explains the factors of deviation and obstacles to growth. In Islamic law and jurisprudence sources, on the one hand, it guides us to solutions for not committing crime and sin, and on the other hand, it is the most important and main source of education and provides, evaluates and analyzes methods for not committing crime and sin. . In any case, on the basis of jurisprudence, management of society and itself in the direction of non-commitment of the crime of "sin" under the title of the system of "sin", which forms the existential structure of the Islamic system, is the best way to protect against the occurrence of crime and sin. In this article, we seek to explain some methods of institutionalizing this type of management of the crime of "sin" under the name of the crime system from the point of view of verses and traditions.