Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:12 Issue: 2, Summer 2020

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine diseases with many systemic complications such as oral manifestations. The present study aimed to compare the oral manifestations frequency in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

This cross sectional study was conducted during 2016-17 on subjects came to Yazd Diabetic Research Center. In this study, 181 type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) and 181 healthy individuals, based on convenient sample method, were included. Two groups were compared for basic information and oral manifestations including candidiasis, oral lichen planus (OLP), periodontitis, xerostomia, delayed oral wound healing, geographic tongue, gingival hyperplasia, fissured tongue, burning mouth and finally at least one of these lesions.

The frequency of candidiasis, OLP, periodontitis, delay oral wound healing, geographic tongue, xerostomia and at least one of lesions in diabetics were significantly higher than control group (P-value< 0.001). After regression analysis and adjusting for confounding factors, candidiasis, periodontitis and xerostomia in diabetics were significantly more prevalent than non-DM patients with odds ratio of 15.16 (1.80-127.57), 9.58 (4.68-19.63) and 78.639 (10.05-615.231) respectively.

Xerostomia, candidiasis and periodontitis were significantly more prevalent in T2DM than Non-T2DM persons. Therefore, increasing awareness on oral manifestations in this group is recommended for timely diagnosis and referring to an oral medicine.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of compassion focused (CFT) and acceptance commitment (ACT) combined therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), on psychological well-being in women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

This is quasi-experimental. This study consists of three groups (two experimental and one control groups) and three stages (pre-test, post-test, and follow up). The statistical population was all T2DM women of Shahid Shabani Diabetes Center in Isfahan, Iran in 2017. The studied sample was 47 patients who were randomly distributed in three groups. The experimental group received a combination of the package of ACT and CFT for ten weekly two-hour sessions, the CBT group received ten weekly two-hour sessions of therapeutic intervention and the control group did not receive any therapeutic interventions. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measurements using SPSS-24 software.

The results showed that the scores of experimental groups participants in the post test of compassion therapy-ACT and CBT improved significantly compared to the control group in self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, purposeful life, individual development, environmental dominance and autonomy subscales (P-value= 0.001) .There exist a significant difference  between the experimental group of compassion focused- ACT combined therapy and CBT in self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, purposeful life and individual -development  subscales (P-value< 0.001).

Based on the findings, the combination therapy of compassion focused – ACT and CBT can be used to promote psychological well-being in diabetic patients.

Obesity is associated with inflammatory process and many different diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of short term aerobic training on serum resistin and insulin resistance in adult obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, thirty untrained adult obese females matched for age 35-45 years old with body mass index (BMI) 30-36 kg/m2 were divided randomly into exercise (aerobic intervention; 6 weeks, 3 days/weekly, %55-70HRmax) and control (no training) groups. Pre and post-training of fasting blood samples were collected for measure serum resistin. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA-IR. Data were analyzed by the independent samples T-test.

Aerobic training resulted in significant decrease in BMI (32.1 (± 2.76) vs 31.6 (± 2.80) kg/m2, P-value: 0.023), body fat percentage (44.7 (± 4.55) vs 44 (± 4.33), P-value: 0.028) and fasting glucose (94 (± 8.9) vs 79 (± 5.8) mg/dl, P-value: 0.011) in exercise group. No changes were observed on insulin resistance (1.43 (± 1.11) vs 1.18 (± 0.57) HOMA-IR, P-value: 0.124) and serum resistin (2.20 (± 1.07) vs 1.58 (± 0.87) ng/ml P-value: 0.062) by training program. All variables remained unchanged in control subjects.

Despite improving fasting glucose, a short-term aerobic training is not associated with anti-inflammatory property for obese females. Improved glucose could be likely attributed to other changes in metabolic markers in response to exercise training and further studies are necessary to clarify possible mechanisms.

Nowadays, lifestyle modification is the best treatment recommended to patients with the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The therapeutic effects of vitamin E and silybin on liver functions were documented. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of silymarin and vitamin E on patients with NAFLD.

From September 2014 to March 2015, clinical trial was conducted on 92 patients with NAFLD at 2 Shahid Sadoughi university clinical research centers. Sampling was based on convenient method. There were no randomization or blinding in this study, but two types of treatments were compared. The patients were divided in two groups of daily intake of vitamin E (400 IU) and Silymarin 280 mg for four months. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and liver ultrasonography were done at baseline and after four months.

Eighty patients completed the course of treatment successfully .After 4 months, both groups had experienced a significant reduction in their serum ALT levels. The mean change in the ALT level from the baseline was -31.6 U/L in the silymarin group vs. -15.1 U/L in the vitamin E group (P-value= 0.07). Treatment with silymarin was more effective than vitamin E (P-value< 0.0001). The mean ALT level changed to normal was 55.0% (22 of 40 patients )in the silymarin group, while it was 45.0% (18 of 40 cases) in the vitamin E group (P-value= 0.04).

The treatment of NAFLD with silymarin appears to be significantly effective in biochemical improvement whereas treatment with vitamin E improves ultrasonographic parameters.

The goal of this research was to determine the influence of 4 weeks aerobic training on gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats.

In an experimental study, 30 male wistar rats were partitioned into three groups (n=10), diabetic aerobic training, diabetic control and healthy control (n=10). Induction of type 2diabetes (T2DM) was done by intraperitoneal infusion of streptozotocin. The progressive aerobic training protocol entailed 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week running on treadmill at velocity of 20 m/min for 60 min. The gene expression of TNF-α, VEGF and HIF-1α were measured by real time & PCR. One way analysis of variance and bonferroni test were applied to analysis the data. The significant level was set at P-value< 0.05.

The results indicated that the aerobic training induced significant decrease in TNF-α mRNA (P-value< 0.001) and significant increase in HIF-1α mRNA (P-value< 0.001) and VEGF mRNA (P-value< 0.001) compared to diabetic control group.

It appears that aerobic training with reduction of TNF-α issues an affirmative effect on angiogenesis, as a result, it improves diabetic cardiac.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on PDX-1 and GLUT2 gene expression in the pancreatic tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

21 wistar male rats were placed in 3 groups (healthy, diabetic, aerobic diabetic). Diabetes was induced by peritoneum injection of nicotine amid. Training program lasted 12 weeks, five sessions per week by gradual increase of speed (18 to 26 meters on minutes) and time (10 to 55 minutes) in the form of running on the treadmill. After 12 week aerobic training, PDX-1 and GLUT-2 genes were measured. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with 5 % significance level.

Aerobic training caused a significant increase in the expression of GLUT2 (P-value: 0.043) and PDX-1 genes (P-value: 0.007) in the pancreatic tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes (p value: 0.05). Also aerobic training had a significant effect on serum glucose (P-value: 0.001) and insulin levels (P-value: 0.001).

It is concluded that aerobic training has significant effects on diabetic control by increasing the expression of PDX1 and GLUT-2 which lowers serum glucose.

The equilibrium of angiogenesis stimulus agents and angiogenesis inhibitory agents is an important factor in the increase of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This research aimed to survey the result of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous (MICT) on the myocardium angiogenesis agent and histological alterations within male diabetic rats.

32 male Wistar rats did casually selected within 4 groups: health without exercise control, diabetic without exercise (D), D + HIIT, and D+ MICT groups. Diabetes type 2 produced with high-fat food for two weeks and an only dose of STZ. After approval of type 2 diabetes, subjects did direct to HIIT (90 -95 percent of VO2max), and MICT (50 to 65 percent of VO2max) exercise program five times per week during eight weeks. Western blotting methods were utilized for the exposure of protein synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β1), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in the left ventricle. Besides, the base and ultimate blood glucose were estimated. Histological alterations assessed utilizing H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining.

The installation of diabetes develops TGF-β1 (P-value= 0.001) and reduces MMP9 (P-value= 0.002) and VEGF (P-value= 0.002). But, eight weeks of MICT enhanced MMP9 (P-value= 0.002) and VEGF (P-value= 0.002), but the volume of TGF-β1 (P-value= 0.001) diminished significantly. Furthermore, the MICT did improve better than of HIIT in improving angiogenesis agents and adjust body mass, plasma glucose in the rats with diabetes.

Not only eight weeks of interval and continuous exercise enhanced levels of MMP9 and VEGF, but also revealed a notable reduction in TGF-β1. Additionally, both training diminishes body weight and blood sugar.