نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 49، تیر 1399)

The adolescent's competence in various personal and social dimensions and psychological capital is the basis for life satisfaction. Addressing social and psychological capital at an early stage of life, known as identity formation, can explain life satisfaction in individuals. This study aimed to evaluate positive youth development and psychological capital in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents. The present study was a correlational-descriptive design. The statistical population included all adolescents living in district 5 in Tehran, consisting of three hundred and twenty-five people selected through randomized cluster sampling. To collect data, Geldhof et al.’s Positive Youth Development (PYD) scale,  Diener et al.’s Life Satisfaction Scale, and to assess psychological capital Snyder Hope Scale, Schwartz and Jerusalem’s  General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Optimism subtest of the Life Orientation Test, and the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale were used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-24 software. The results of regression using the enter method showed that competence, confidence, caring, and connection played significant roles in predicting life satisfaction and explained 46% of the variance of life satisfaction. Psychological capital, including hope, self-efficacy, and resiliency, also significantly predicted life satisfaction and explained 36% of the variance of life satisfaction. In sum, results indicated the importance of psychological capital, emphasizing the components of positive youth development, including competence, confidence, caring, and connection in adolescent life satisfaction.

Multiple Sclerosis disease as a neurological disorder in women; in addition to creating a crisis in the physical conditions of everyday life, Along with negative personality features, There is a lot of psychological pressure in women with this disease. The purpose of this study determination Role of Mental toughness, self-awareness, emotions, and Insomnia symptoms in Forecast Triple dark traits. Women with MS were in Ardabil city. The research design was descriptive correlational—the statistical population of all women suffering from MS in Ardabil city. The sample consisted of 135 samples, Which was selected by convenient sampling method. The measuring instrument includes scales of Dark Triad Traits, Mental toughness, Emotional Awareness, and Insomnia symptoms. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests. The results showed Between Mental toughness(r=0/18, P<0/001), Insomnia symptoms(r=0/28, P<0/001) with Triple Dark Traits were a positive relationship and self-awareness emotions(r=-0/20, P<0/05)  with Triple Dark Traits was a negative relationship. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that Mental toughness(β = 0.22), Insomnia symptoms (β = 0.21), and self-awareness emotions (β=-0/21) were the ability to predict dark traits, in women with MS disease (P<0/05). So it can be concluded that women with MS Must undergo care and training courses And induction and psychotherapy In the areas of interest.

This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life of the staff of Tehran Red Crescent's Rehabilitation and Administration Department. The research method was descriptive of the corresponding type. The statistical population consisted of 165 employees in the Rehabilitation and Red Crescent Department, including 80 employees in administrative departments and 85 employees in the rehabilitation department. According to the limited population of employees, 163 employees of the rehabilitation and executive department who entered the research were involved in this study, according to the available sampling method. The instruments of this study were Beck Depression Inventory, Stear and Brown (1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory, Epstein, Brown, and Stein (1998) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996). After the deletion of the three questionnaires, 160 data were analyzed. The findings showed that the average of anxiety scores (F = 96.48) and depression (F = 15.77) was more than the administration in the rehabilitation group. Still, the quality of life (F = 8.76) in both groups was not significant (0.01 > P). Since anxiety and depression had a significant impact on the quality of life and given a higher level of depression and anxiety in the rehab group, this group can carry out clinical and educational interventions to maintain and improve this group's mental health.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive and metacognitive strategies training on improving the memory function (coding, numerical memory), study speed and comprehension. Research method was of quasi-experimental type with pre-test, post-test, follow up design with control group. The statistical population of the study was consisted of all young people aged 20 to 40 years old in Isfahan during the first half of the 2019. Of these, 48 were selected by using convienience sampling method, and assigned in two experimental and control groups (24 in each groups). Experimental group recived 20 two hour sessions of the cognitive and metacognitive strategies training program, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were collected by study speed and comprehension test developed by the aouthor, the numerical memory (digit span) and coding subscales of WAIS-R (1997) Wechsler Intelligence Scale. In order to test the research hypothesis, inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance) was used. The findings showed that there exist a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of coding and numerical memory subscales and study speed and comprehension variables. Therefore, it can be said that cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies are particularly effective in promoting coding, numerical memory, study speed and comprehension. Hence the cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies can be used to improve the memory function and comprehension of people in academic and training centers.

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on difficulty with emotion regulation and self-harm behaviors of people with a borderline personality disorder. This is a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the study included all people with borderline personality disorder in Shiraz city in 2018. This research was conducted using a convenience sampling method. At first, people with borderline personality disorder were detected, and 30 cases of them were selected randomly and assigned in an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The group ACT-based program was used for the experimental group in eight-90 minute sessions (twice a week); the control group was in the waitlist for two months. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and Self-harm Questionnaire (Sampson et al. 1998) were used in two stages: pre and post-test. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze data. The obtained results of the research showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, there is a significant difference between the mean of post-test scores of experimental group and control group in difficulty with emotion regulation and self-harm behaviors. Generally, it can be said that ACT affects the reduction of difficulty with emotion regulation and self-harm behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder.

The present study is based on a qualitative approach conducted to identify the effective factors on the resiliency in women with breast cancer. The study population was all the women with breast cancer who were referred to Shohada-e Tajrish hospital (Tehran, Iran) and underwent radiotherapy in 2019. The sample was purposefully entered into the study, and the sampling process continued until data saturation; The final sampling consisted of 10 individuals. Participants answered the semi-constructed interview questions, and content analysis (thematic) was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that effective factors on the resiliency in these patients were clustered into the following themes: social support, patience and endurance, life expectancy, presence of loved ones, and ultimately, acceptance. Considering these factors in the treatment process by medical centers and their staff can help patients cope with their conditions.

Psychological problems, particularly depression and mental well-being, are important issues in the psychology of people with particular problems, especially people with disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positivism training based on positive psychology on depression and mental well-being in people with physical-motor disability. This study had a semi-experimental method, including pre- test and post- test, with the control group. The study population consisted of all persons with physical-motor disability in Shiraz. Sixty patients were selected based on the Beck Depression Inventory and Clinical Interview and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight sessions with 90 minutes of the positivism training based on positive psychology, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed the Depression Inventory and Diner’s subjective ‎well-being at pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that positivism training significantly ‎decreased depression and negative affect and increased subjective well-being in people with disabilities. This study's findings can provide a practical plan to be used by counselors and psychologists to improve the mental health of people with special disabilities, especially those with physical-motor disabilities

Current research has been done to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral game therapy in a group style on reducing hidden and visible anxiety in 4 to 12-year-old girls who are bad-supervised and inhabiting in quasi family centers in Tehran province. The current research method is a kind of semi-pilot plan with pre-exam and post-exam ideas with a control group, which is of that kind of applied research. In this research, 4 to 12-year-old children and inhabiting quasi family centers of well-being centers have been studied by purposive sampling; the sample group includes 28 children present at the Gol Narges quasi family center, which is by SCAS and STAI (1970) and have some levels of anxiety. At first, subjects are randomly divided into two 14-people groups, the control group, and the examination group. Then both groups were given the pre-test. The examination group was taken apart in-game therapy with a cognitive-behavioral approach during two months and 12 sessions each 90 minutes. Whereas this training was not given to the control group, and the covariance test investigated the data. Findings in this research show that using cognitive-behavioral game therapy causes reducing the anxiety in girls residing in quasi family centers. According to the results of this study, game therapy with the cognitive-behavioral approach can be significantly used to reduce the anxiety of girls residing in quasi family centers in Welfare.

This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive techniques of schema therapy  in reducing perfectionism in students. The research method was experimental with pretest- posttest and control group. The study population included all high school students in Qom city in 2014-2015 academic year. sampling method in this study was Multistage  random cluster. After the implementation of Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale  on selected sample of students, 16 patients were randomly selected from whom  had a higher score on this scale,  and randomly divided into two groups  as the experimental and control group. Then therapy sessions were conducted for experimental  groups.  Data Analysis with covariance statistical test approved the hypothesis that cognitive techniques of schema therapy reduce perfectionism in students. in addition, the findings confirm the role of perfectionism in abnormal pathology and it shows that techniques of schema therapy are effective in reducing excessive perfectionism.

Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that instead of focusing solely on psychopathology, emphasizing on the psychological potential is considered. Well-Being Therapy is one of the approaches derived from positive psychology. The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of well-being-therapy on Craving Index in substance –dependent (Methamphetamine) men. The present study was randomized trial that done in quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. Among patient stimulants dependence who referred to Addiction Treatment Center in Karaj, six drug-dependent men who were eligible for the study, were selected randomly and by Excel software and randomly were assigned into experimental (3 individuals) and control (3 individuals) groups. After obtaining informed consent, clinical interview, participants were responded in the pre-test and post-test to the craving scale. Analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data by SPSS software in 22 versions. The results showed that well-being-therapy has not a significant effect on improving craving index (p>0/05). These results may reflect the specific nature of the psychological and biological damage is caused by methamphetamine use. The results of the present study can be beneficial in evaluating, treatment planning and direction for future studies in consumers of Methamphetamine.

Divorce is considered as one of the social harms that can cause many behavioral and psychological problems. This study examined Prediction of distress tolerance based on attachment styles, frustration tolerance and religious attitude in divorced women. The study had a descriptive correlational research design. The research population included all women who referred to the welfare counseling centers in Tehran in July and August of 2019, 225 of whom were selected as the sample by the available sampling method. The Simons and Gahar Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), Hazen and Shaver’s Attachment style Questionnaire(1987), Harrington's Frustration Discomfort Scale (2005) and Allport’s Religious Orientation questionnaires(1967) were used for gathering the data. The gathered data were analyzed through running Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression on SPSS. The findings indicated a significant relationship between attachment styles, frustration tolerance and religious attitudes. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that distress tolerance interacts with several factors, including attachment style, frustration tolerance and their religious attitude (P<0/05). The results of multiple regression also showed that the predictor components of the study could predict 34% distress tolerance. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the tolerance of distress in divorced women interacts with several factors, including attachment style, frustration tolerance and their religious attitude. Thus, psychological empowerment programs and personal growth by focusing on effective social communication with individual independence can increase the ability to encounter effectively with frustrations that a person suffers as a result of divorce. Also, deep relationship with God can be accompanied by positive changes on the eve of distress tolerance in the statistical population under study.

The present research aims to study the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the persistence Scale.  Persian version of the measure persistence Using Double translation technique on 460 individuals (230 male and 230 female) students Schools in Hamadan were implemented in the academic year 2018-19. Cronbach's alpha range (69% until 77%) revealed that Persian version of the persistence assessment tool and subscales had good internal consistency. Also, Item scores and the total score of the corresponding subscales correlated significantly. The test-retest coefficients (72% until 80%) Represents the stability scale. Exploratory factor analysis model supported of persian version of the persistence assessment tool. There are certain patterns of correlations between subscales of the Persian version of the persistence assessment tool with resilience and procrastination showed good criterion validity of the scale. According to the desirable psychometric properties this questionnaire is a useful tool for measuring persistence.

The purpose of the present study was to the role of cognitive learning methods, problem solving methods and self-directed learning with critical thinking students. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study was male secondary school students in Tabriz, in the academic year of 2018-2019. According to the Education Office, there are 3224 people in this study, 130 of them were randomly selected by multistage sampling method were selected. In this way, firstly, two educational districts were randomly selected and two schools were selected from each of the four schools and each school was selected. Data were gathered using Rickets Critical Thinking Questionnaire (2003), Kolb Learning Cognitive Questionnaire (1984), Cassidy and Long Learning Problems (1996), and Self-directed Fischer and Collaborative Learning (2001). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between critical thinking and reflection observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation, and there is a negative and significant relationship between objective experience and critical thinking. On the other hand, critical thinking has a positive and significant relationship with helplessness in problem solving, inhibition in problem solving, and avoidance style. There is a negative and significant relationship with the style of creativity, trust in problem solving and tendency style. Therefore, attention to self-directed learning and methods of solving the problem of creativity and trust play an important role in critical thinking of students.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of doll therapy on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on increasing cognitive ability and improving the attention of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This is a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test in which a control group was utilized. The initial sample consisted of 100 students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who referred to Kashmar Behavioral Disorder Center during the 2018-2019 academic year. The final purposive sample was composed of 40 students randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (Each containing 20 Participants). The experimental group received 12 sessions of doll therapy based on cognitive behavioral therapy, and the control group did not receive any treatments. Both groups completed the Spritzer's Cognitive Empowerment Questionnaire (1995) and the Brienkamp d2 test (attention and concentration) (1998) before and after the intervention. The covariance analysis results showed that doll therapy based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy affected the cognitive ability and attention of the experimental group. Therefore, it is recommended that doll therapy based on cognitive-behavioral therapy could be an effective method in enhancing cognitive ability and improving girls' attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Mindfulness is a form of meditation rooted in the teachings of Eastern religious and particularly Buddhism. And in simple language it means being aware of your thoughts, behavior, emotions and special form of attention. Therapy based on mindfulness and acceptance as a cognitive-behavioral therapy known as the third wave. This therapy, mindfulness fundamental (basic) as the goal of treatment is integrates with the exercises such as stopping conscious thinking Viewing non-judgmental person's own thoughts. Mindfulness as "particular attention the target, now and without judgment" is defined. Through purposefully and non-judgmental attention and a particular way to the moment and the current situation arises this definition has three components of mindfulness. In an effort to express the components of mindfulness as simple and understandable structures, the fundamental components of mindfulness include purpose or intention, attention and attitude is extracted. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective for reducing depression, anxiety, dysfunctional attitudes and thoughts. The results also suggest that this approach could be effective to prevent depression and anxiety. Therefore above article while described how the creation and evolution of this therapy been paid and will be described basic goals, define therapeutic components, different communication approaches to experience the theoretical foundations of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is used in (MBCT).

Research literature has suggested that mindfulness affects stress that an analytical study of this effect can be useful in preventing stress. In recent years, the third wave of cognitive-behavioral and paradigmatic interventions, known as mindfulness, has attracted many researchers' attention. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate, systematic review, and meta-analysis about the effect of mindfulness on stress. For this purpose, Iranian and international studies conducted between 2010 and 2019 about the impact of mindfulness on stress were systematically reviewed, and 29 studies were selected for analysis. The results showed that the most critical effect of mindfulness-based therapy is to reduce the experience of stress. Therefore, this study's finding suggests that mindfulness makes people more successful in stress management in daily life.

The bio-psycho-social approach to health psychology adopted a critical view of the bio-medical model. That was the dominant model of the 19th century. It was presumed that biological factors those the only etiological and therapeutic factors contributing to diseases and took a significant step toward the prevention and treatment of diseases. The field of psychoneuroimmunology was developed based on this approach, which studies the interplay of psychological factors, neuroendocrine systems, and the immune system. Attachment is one of the most important psychological factors influencing one’s relationships, emotion regulation strategies, and immunological systems throughout their life. In this short review, we scrutinized the role of attachment in the function of the immune system and different pathways through which attachment affects our body. In sum, the literature review showed that insecure attachments influence the immune system on three levels: The hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, neural structures, and epigenetic processes. Details and procedures are discussed.

Without understanding the existentialist-humanist approach, one cannot know Frankel, the Analysis of Existence, and the Logotherapy. So, in this descriptive-analytic study conducted after studying various books and articles, firstly, we reviewed the three waves of psychology, namely psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism. Secondly, the theory of "Abraham Maslow's self-actualization" and "Carl Rogers` person-centered approach" as two significant theories of humanism were discussed not only as a social movement but also as the third wave in psychology. Then, the concepts of Frankl's theory of "Analysis of Existence" and his model of treatment of "Logotherapy" were described in detail, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, a comparative overview of these three theories was presented in the conceptual and therapeutic dimensions. In conclusion, Maslow's theories of self-actualization and Karl Rogers` person-centered theory as well as the method of Frankl, everyone in a specific way, have attempted to give the power of spirituality, freedom, power of choice, and responsibility to the person who is captivated by unconscious conflicts or external stimuli to make a meaningful life.

Addiction is a chronic and recurrent disease, which has always been the focus of various psychological perspectives. Psychoanalysis theories are fundamental in the modern treatment of addiction. As we have seen changes in the structure and process of methods during the time, they have changed in defining the concept of addiction. According to classic theories, addiction is an equivalent to masturbation and a defense mechanism against anxiety impulses or pretension of oral regression (dependency). Also, from object relations theorists’ perspective, drugs are significant objects for the addicted person. New formulations of psychoanalysis are also introduced using drugs as a reflection of the defects of ego function. The research method is a review, and it aims to analyze addiction from different psychoanalysis perspectives such as classical psychoanalysis, object relations psychology, relational psychoanalysis, and short term psychodynamic psychotherapy. According to research about personality disorders in drug abusers, these individuals need unique treatment like psychoanalytic psychotherapy, which works on personality structures. However, investigations about this field of therapy are limited. Not paying attention to this issue can be a reason of attempts' failures about the treatment of drug abuse. Therefore, it can be said that addiction research literature needs to increase the application and analysis of this therapeutic approach. It is also hoped that in addiction treatment centers, better and more new findings will be used to help this population.

Blatt highlighted two intertwined pathways of healthy development and therapeutic processes: the anaclitic pathway and the introjective pathway, in this regard, also two types of introjective and anaclitic depression is proposed; which require independent treatments with various emphases despite having similar symptoms. However, in the available therapies, only the same symptoms were emphasized regardless of two completely different types of depression. They all seek to reduce similar symptoms in all depressed patients. Although Blatt et al. have separated two groups of depressed patients theoretically for years, psychotherapists are not familiar with the symptoms, etiology, and treatment patterns of these two types of depression. In the present study, we will theoretically review the two types of anaclitic and introjective depression and discuss the underlying factors and therapeutic implications of each.